In the decades-long controversy over stem cell research, misinformation abounds. From a medical perspective, the debate is settled: research that destroys human embryos has not produced a single validated treatment for any disease, much less delivered on sweeping promises of miraculous cures. Adult stem cells, harvested ethically from sources like bone marrow and umbilical cord blood, as well as induced pluripotent stem cells created by the reengineering of body cells, are already saving lives and revolutionizing medicine. CLI has extensively documented the validated, peer-reviewed science on adult stem cells, making the case that policy leaders have a responsibility to put the patient first and fund therapies with a proven record of success.

Written Testimony of David A. Prentice, Ph.D., in Support of Ethical Alternatives to Aborted Fetal Tissue Research

David Prentice, Ph.D. | January 9, 2019.

On Thursday, December 13, 2018, the U.S. House of Representatives subcommittee on Healthcare, Benefits, and Administrative Rules and Government Operations for the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform held a hearing on “Exploring Alternatives to Fetal Tissue Research.” The hearing was called as the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services re-evaluates funding for research using tissue from […]

Congress to Hear from Scientific Experts on Ethical Alternatives to Aborted Fetal Tissue Research

Charlotte Lozier Institute | December 12, 2018.

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: December 12, 2018 Contact: Nicole Stacy, nstacy@sbalist.org, 202-223-8073 New StemCellResearchFacts.org Video Shows that Adult Stem Cells and Other Ethical Alternatives are Delivering Powerful Results for Patients Now Washington, D.C. – A U.S. House of Representatives subcommittee will hold a hearing on “Exploring Alternatives to Fetal Tissue Research” tomorrow, December 13 at […]

Dr. David Prentice: U.S. Gov’t Must Stop Using Aborted Baby Parts for Research

David Prentice, Ph.D. | September 15, 2018.

Charlotte Lozier Institute’s Vice President and Research Director, Dr. David Prentice, joined the hosts of EWTN’s Morning Glory to discuss a letter from four dozen pro-life groups to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar calling for an end to government-sponsored research using tissue from aborted babies. Dr. Prentice explains the ethical alternatives […]

CLI’s Dr. David A. Prentice Named Chairman of Midwest Stem Cell Therapy Center Advisory Board

Charlotte Lozier Institute | February 15, 2018.

The Charlotte Lozier Institute’s Vice President and Director of Research, Dr. David A. Prentice, has recently been named chairman of the advisory board for the Midwest Stem Cell Therapy Center (MSCTC), a leading hub of stem cell treatment, research, and education in Kansas and the surrounding region. The MSCTC was created by Governor Sam […]

Wiser Investment: Non-Embryonic Stem Cells Receive Millions from Maryland Fund

Eugene C. Tarne | February 9, 2018.

The state of Maryland is home to the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, one of the country’s leading stem cell research programs. Maryland is also one of a handful of states to provide public funds for stem cell research, through its Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund (MSCRF). The MSCRF first started distributing grants […]

Trends Show More Federal Funds Awarded to Non-Embryonic Stem Cell Research

Eugene C. Tarne | February 8, 2018.

Soon after then-President Clinton’s National Bioethics Advisory Committee (NBAC) in 1999 issued a report recommending federal funding for human embryonic stem cell research (hESCR) the subject of such funding became one of the nation’s most hotly contested public policy issues. It was the subject of President George W. Bush’s first nationally televised address, and in […]

Video: Once Quadriplegic, Woman Celebrates Lasting Improvement from Adult Stem Cells

Charlotte Lozier Institute | February 5, 2018.

Today the Charlotte Lozier Institute releases its ninth Stem Cell Research Facts video, which revisits the life of adult stem cell recipient Laura Dominguez-Tauer. Her story is a testament to hope, inspiration, and what can happen when the best modern medicine meets unwavering human resilience. When Laura was only 16, a devastating car crash left […]

Video: “Stunning” Recovery of Woman from Stroke after Adult Stem Cell Transplant

Charlotte Lozier Institute | November 21, 2017.

Today the Charlotte Lozier Institute releases its eighth Stem Cell Research Facts video, which tells the story of Sonia Coontz’s “miracle” stroke recovery thanks to an adult stem cell transplant at Stanford University. Sonia, a 31-year-old Californian, suffered a stroke in 2011. Without any warning, she found herself unable to move her right arm […]

Fact Sheet: Adult Stem Cell Research and Transplants

Charlotte Lozier Institute | November 21, 2017.

Adult stem cell transplants are already widely used to the benefit of over a million people. Well over 1 million patients worldwide have been treated with adult stem cells and experienced improved health, based on data gathered by December 2012.

Adult Stem Cells and Gene Therapy Save a Young Boy

David Prentice, Ph.D. | November 16, 2017.

When people talk about something that “saved their skin,” they usually mean that it helped them out of a difficult situation. But a young boy in Germany has literally had his skin—and his life—saved through the use of genetically-engineered adult stem cells. The boy suffered from a condition called junctional epidermolysis bullosa, a severe and […]

Dr. David Prentice on Embracing Ethical New Technologies

David Prentice, Ph.D. | November 16, 2017.

Some scientists have said one reason they don’t consult bioethicists or think about the ethical implications of their research is because ethicists usually say “no” to new technologies, or that ethics is arbitrary. But what they are really avoiding is the necessity of setting rational limits on science, thinking they can thereby avoid any limits […]

Dr. David Prentice: “What’s All the Fuss About Stem Cells?”

David Prentice, Ph.D. | October 24, 2017.

What are stem cells and why are they so fraught with both hope and controversy? CLI’s Vice President and Research Director, Dr. David Prentice, recently joined Molly Smith, host of From the Median, to explain the science, history, and politics of stem cells — click to listen! Click to view the original post at From […]

Fact Sheet: Responses Regarding Poor Prenatal Diagnosis

Charlotte Lozier Institute | September 28, 2017.

This fact sheet outlines the various responses to a “poor prenatal diagnosis” for a fetal abnormality, noting especially recent medical advances well as the life-affirming option for perinatal hospice.

Seeking Pro-life Leadership at the National Institutes of Health

David Prentice, Ph.D. | September 21, 2017.

In a recent op-ed, Dr. David Prentice and Congressman Jim Banks argue that it’s time for a change in leadership at the National Institutes of Health: Dr. Francis Collins has not shown any pro-life leadership at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). In fact, in an interview, Dr. Collins‘ response to a congressional letter outlining pro-life members’ […]

New Non-Embryonic Stem Cell Study Shows Progress with Parkinson’s Disease

Eugene C. Tarne | September 7, 2017.

Ever since human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were first successfully grown in the lab in 1998, Parkinson’s Disease has featured prominently as one of the major diseases that such cells would supposedly eliminate.

Video: Lupus Survivor Cherishes Motherhood after Adult Stem Cell Transplant

Charlotte Lozier Institute | June 27, 2017.

Today the Charlotte Lozier Institute releases its seventh Stem Cell Research Facts video which returns to the life of lupus survivor Jackie Stollfus and how her adult stem cell transplant opened up new vistas many previously thought impossible.

Near Absence of Embryonic Stem Cells in California Clinical Trial Program

Eugene C. Tarne | June 21, 2017.

In 2013, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) – the nation’s largest funder of stem cell research outside of the federal government – authorized a new program, the Alpha Stem Cell Clinics Network.

The Network’s goal, according to CIRM, “is to accelerate the development and delivery of stem cell treatments to patients.” To achieve this, CIRM approved $70 million “to create a new statewide network of sites that will act as a hub for stem cell clinical trials.” CIRM envisioned a network of “up to five clinic sites at established academic institutions.” To date, three Alpha Stem Cell Clinics have been created, housed at City of Hope, University of California San Diego, and UCLA/UC Irvine.

Backgrounder: We Need a New NIH Director

David Prentice, Ph.D. | April 25, 2017.

On April 25, 2017, Charlotte Lozier Institute Vice President and Director of Research, Dr. David A. Prentice, Ph.D., was published in USA Today on the need for a new National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director. The backgrounder below provides summary main points and sources on the position of current NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins in support of human embryonic stem cell research, human cloning, and the creation of ethically-questionable human-animal chimeras.

Q&A with the Scholars: Science, Ethics, and Fetal Tissue

Charlotte Lozier Institute | April 12, 2017.

Tara Sander Lee, Ph.D., is a Molecular and Cell Biologist with over 15 years of experience in academic research and healthcare. In this interview, she discusses genetic testing for diagnosis and treatment of children and the ethical and scientific issues surrounding the use of fetal tissue procured from abortion for research.

Q&A with the Scholars: Adult Stem Cell Treatments and Life-Saving Research

Paul Wagle, M.A. | March 13, 2017.

Paul Wagle, M.A., is the Director of Life Science Development for the lead economic agency in the state of Kansas. Mr. Wagle was diagnosed with leukemia at the age of 10, and after a four-year battle including an adult stem cell transplant, he has been cured for over 10 years.

Written Testimony of Sheila Page, D.O., in Support of Texas Bill to Prohibit Dismemberment Abortions

Sheila Page, D.O. | February 27, 2017.

On Wednesday, February 15, 2017, the Texas Committee of Health and Human Services held a hearing regarding Texas Senate Bill 415 (SB 415). SB 415 prohibits dismemberment abortions, in which a person, with the purpose of causing the death of an unborn child, dismembers the unborn child and extracts the unborn child one piece at a time from the uterus. Charlotte Lozier Institute Associate Scholar Sheila Page, D.O., submitted the following written testimony in support of SB 415.

Written Testimony of Tara Sander Lee, Ph.D., in Support of Texas Bill to Prohibit Human Fetal Tissue Research

Charlotte Lozier Institute | February 16, 2017.

On Wednesday, February 15, 2017, the Texas Committee of Health and Human Services held a hearing regarding Texas Senate Bill 8 (SB 8). SB 8 prohibits partial-birth abortions, prohibits donation of human fetal tissue except by certain authorized facilities to accredited universities, and prohibits the purchase or sale of human fetal tissue. Charlotte Lozier Institute Associate Scholar Tara Sander Lee, Ph.D., submitted the following written testimony in support of SB 8.

Video: Dr. Joel McGuirk and the Adult Stem Cell Revolution

Charlotte Lozier Institute | February 15, 2017.

Today the Charlotte Lozier Institute releases its sixth in its series of Stem Cell Research Facts videos. This story features the work of Dr. Joseph McGuirk, an adult stem cell expert at the University of Kansas Hospital, and tells the story of Chance Runnion’s recovery from leukemia after an adult stem cell transplant.

Q&A with the Scholars: Science and the Beginning of Human Life

Maureen Condic, Ph.D. | February 13, 2017.

Maureen Condic, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of Neurobiology and Anatomy at the University of Utah. She has been a member of the Pontifical Academy for Life, a distinguished group of physicians, scientists, and theologians from the international community whose mission it is to study questions and issues regarding the promotion and defense of human life from an interdisciplinary perspective, since 2014. In this interview, she discusses the beginning of human life and the moral status of the human being.

Video: Recovery from Macular Degeneration using an Adult Stem Cell Treatment

Charlotte Lozier Institute | November 15, 2016.

Today the Charlotte Lozier Institute releases its fifth Stem Cell Research Facts video; this story features Doug Oliver’s recovery from macular degeneration after an adult stem cell transplant.

Minnesota’s Funding of Stem Cell Research Echoes Trend toward Ethically Non-Contentious Approaches

Eugene C. Tarne | October 25, 2016.

In 2014, Minnesota became the most recent of a handful of states that provide state funding for all types of stem cell research, including human embryonic stem cell research. The law provides for 10 years of funding with $4.5 million approved for the first year and $4.35 million each year thereafter.

Grants for Stem Cell Research Favor Ethical Approaches

Eugene C. Tarne | October 10, 2016.

The Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund (MSCRF) has awarded two rounds of grants since the Charlotte Lozier Institute last analyzed the Fund’s pattern of grant making for stem cell research, in the fall of 2013. That study found that since MSCRF first began awarding grants in 2007, its pattern of giving shifted over the years from strongly favoring projects focusing on ethically contentious human embryonic stem cell research (hESCR) to projects focusing on ethically non-contentious adult stem cells and other non-embryonic stem cell research.

Protecting Conscience, Respecting our Heritage

Tim Bradley | September 12, 2016.

The Brocher Foundation, spread throughout eight buildings laying on three acres of land in Geneva, Switzerland, is dedicated to providing a meeting venue for “scientists and experts in the ethical, legal and social implications of the development of medical research and biotechnologies” to gather and collaborate on bioethical issues.

Video: To the Brink and Back, A Story of Recovering from Cancer using an Adult Stem Cell Transplant

Charlotte Lozier Institute | August 10, 2016.

Today the Charlotte Lozier Institute releases its fourth Stem Cell Research Facts video; this story features Cindy Schroeder’s recovery from multiple myeloma after an adult stem cell transplant.

iPSCs: A New Gold Standard in Regenerative Medicine?

Eugene C. Tarne | July 28, 2016.

A recent press release from the National Institutes of Health calls attention to a study, published in Stem Cell Reports, that researchers have “developed a clinical-grade stem cell line, which has the potential to accelerate the advance of new medical applications and cell-based therapies for millions of people suffering from such ailments as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, diabetes, and muscular dystrophy.” The development of these clinical grade stem cells, the release notes, “removes a significant barrier in the development of cell-based therapies.” But is NIH’s promotion of “stem cells” anything new?

Next Station Stop: The Embryo Farm?

Eugene C. Tarne | June 9, 2016.

One of the earliest attempts to square this circle of trying to conduct morally problematic research within ethical guidelines is the “14-day rule” for embryo research. The rule has allowed embryo research outside the womb for up to 14 days post-fertilization, after which time the embryo would be destroyed. Although the origins of the rule go back over 40 years, it has been much in the news lately as scientists have developed methods to considerably extend the life of embryos outside the womb.

Fox Foundation Funding Patterns Favor Ethical Approaches

Eugene C. Tarne | April 18, 2016.

Beginning in the 1990’s, and throughout the first years of the 21st century, perhaps no other political or social cause célèbre attracted as many celebrities as human embryonic stem cell research (hESCR).

Christopher Reeve, Kevin Kline, Michael J. Fox and Mary Tyler Moore, among others, all made their way to Capitol Hill to testify in support of increased federal funding of hESCR (during her congressional testimony on behalf of the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, Ms. Moore famously said human embryos have “no more resemblance to a human being than a goldfish”)…

Testimony of Dr. David Prentice in Support of Arizona Bill to Prohibit Fetal Tissue Trafficking

David Prentice, Ph.D. | March 18, 2016.

On Wednesday, March 16, 2016, the Arizona House Judiciary Committee panel held a hearing to consider SB 1474, introduced by Sen. Nancy Barto (R-Phoenix) to prohibit fetal tissue trafficking. After the hearing, the panel voted to pass the bill, which will now head to the full House.

Charlotte Lozier Institute Vice President and Director of Research, Dr. David Prentice, Ph.D. submitted the following written testimony in support of the legislation.

California Stem Cell Clinical Trials Show Ethical Alternatives Are Most Promising

Eugene C. Tarne | March 1, 2016.

The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) ended 2015 by adopting a new Strategic Plan, calling it a “bold new vision for the future” designed to streamline, over the next five years, the process of bringing stem cell research to clinical trial.

Dubbed “CIRM 2.0” the plan is characterized as “a radical overhaul” of business as usual in order to achieve CIRM’s mission to “accelerate the development of stem cell therapies to patients with unmet medical needs.”

According to Jonathon Thomas, CIRM’s chair of the board, the first step in developing the new plan was “us throwing out all our preconceived notions.”

Written Testimony of David A. Prentice, Ph.D.: Update on Progress of Kansas’ Midwest Stem Cell Therapy Center Research

David Prentice, Ph.D. | February 8, 2016.

In this testimony before multiple Kansas state Senate and House committees, Dr. David Prentice briefs legislators on the progress of the Midwest Stem Cell Therapy Center. The Kansas stem cell center is focused on patients, with an emphasis on therapy, dissemination of information, and comprehensive view to fulfilling its mission. The MSCTC only works with non-controversial stem cell sources—adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells; embryonic and fetal sources are not used, in keeping the focus on the patient and deliverable therapies.

New Video: Child with High Risk Leukemia Recovers after Adult Stem Cell Transplant

Charlotte Lozier Institute | January 20, 2016.

Today the Charlotte Lozier Institute released its newest Stem Cell Research Facts video telling the story of 10-year-old Devon Weaver of Arizona. For many years, Devon’s parents and doctors were mystified as to why he struggled with everyday activities such as sitting up by himself and feeding himself, and why at four years old his bone density was that of a two-year-old. Finally, when Devon was eight, he was diagnosed with Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML) – a high-risk leukemia with a slim survival rate of 5 to 10 percent in children.

Time to End Embryo-Destroying Stem Cell Research

Eugene C. Tarne | November 17, 2015.

Will induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) finally replace human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in the field of regenerative medical research?

Results of a recent study published in Nature Biotechnology argue that they should.

First, some background.

In 2007, Japanese scientist Shinya Yamanaka discovered a method to create fully pluripotent, embryonic-like stem cells from ordinary somatic (body) cells. The ability to do this had been characterized as the “holy grail” of stem cell research and, indeed, Yamanaka’s achievement changed the field of regenerative medicine. So groundbreaking was his discovery that he was awarded the Nobel Prize just five years after announcing it.

Stem Cell Awareness Day: Major Research Center’s Quest for Cures Uses Ethical Sources Only

Eugene C. Tarne | November 5, 2015.

Recently, numerous research facilities, both public and private, marked “Stem Cell Awareness Day,” holding lectures, issuing statements and highlighting ongoing progress in the field of regenerative medicine.

Among those participating was the University of California, Davis, one of the country’s leading institutions for stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Writing in her local newspaper, the Davis Enterprise, Jan Nolta, the director of the Stem Cell Program at the UC Davis School of Medicine, highlighted the program’s “numerous novel clinical trials ongoing and in the pipeline” and its 16 disease teams testing stem cells to treat the following…

New Video Celebrates Patient’s Recovery from Blood Cancer after Adult Stem Cell Transplant

Charlotte Lozier Institute | October 5, 2015.

On Monday, the Charlotte Lozier Institute released a new video which tells the story of 67-year-old Bill Bourland, who was diagnosed with a life-threatening blood cancer called Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS). Thanks to his wife’s determination, a fortuitous meeting with a neighbor, a doctor experienced with adult stem cell treatment, and the generosity of his brother, Bill has received a second chance at life with a clean bill of health.

Clarifying a White House Letter on Stem Cell Research

Eugene C. Tarne | September 23, 2015.

The White House recently launched a site on Tumblr to feature letters sent to the president by the American people.

The handful of letters posted so far cover a variety of subjects, including the usual suspects such as jobs, wages, healthcare and the economy.

But one letter in particular stands out and has garnered attention in the media — including media overseas e.g., here and here.

The letter is from 15-year-old Gavin Nore of Iowa. Early in 2013, Gavin was diagnosed with Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Gavin courageously fought back against his diagnosis. Doctors utilized stem cells to treat Gavin and this treatment, combined with Gavin’s bravery, led to victory in his battle against this cancer.

CLI Director of Research David Prentice, Ph.D., Becomes Featured Author for Bioethics Quarterly

David Prentice, Ph.D. | September 3, 2015.

The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly is an invaluable resource not only for insights on ethical issues but news about key developments in medicine and technology. This summer NCBQ added a new author to its array of resources, a regular update on Science written by Charlotte Lozier Institute Vice President and Director of Research, David Prentice, Ph.D.

Written Testimony of David A. Prentice, Ph.D. in Support of Wisconsin Bill to Prohibit Sales and Use of Fetal Body Parts from Abortion

David Prentice, Ph.D. | August 12, 2015.

On Tuesday, August 11, 2015, the Wisconsin Committee on Criminal Justice and Public Safety held a public hearing on Assembly Bill 305, which would prohibit certain sales and uses of fetal body parts “from an unborn child aborted from an induced abortion.”

Charlotte Lozier Institute Vice President and Research Director, Dr. David A. Prentice, Ph.D submitted the following written testimony in support of AB 305.

Planned Parenthood’s Fetal Tissue and Organ Harvesting Forces a Reconsideration of Medical Ethics

Nora Sullivan, M.P.A | August 10, 2015.

Over the past few weeks you have most likely seen – unless you work at the White House – the undercover videos released by David Daleiden and the Center for Medical Progress, which show various Planned Parenthood employees discussing the harvesting and sale of fetal organs and body parts. The negotiations caught on camera suggest that these transactions are not at all unusual for the organization nor are they limited to these few incidences but are, in fact, systemic throughout the organization. This suggests that Planned Parenthood, which performs about 330,000 abortions a year in the United States, has found a way to make abortion even more profitable.

History of Fetal Tissue Research and Transplants

Charlotte Lozier Institute | July 27, 2015.

This fact sheet provides a brief overview of the history of fetal tissue research and transplants.

Stem Cell Research: Predictions, Predilections and Progress

Eugene C. Tarne | June 8, 2015.

A recent blog posted on the science/technology website Gizmodo conducts an interesting thought experiment. The author goes back 10 years to the December, 2005, issue of Scientific American. In that issue was the “Scientific American 50” – a list of the 50 leading scientific trends for that year.

The author wanted to see what has happened, 10 years on, in realizing “the highly-touted breakthroughs of the era that would supposedly change everything.” The author writes that she chose 2005 “because 10 years seemed recent enough for continuity between scientific questions then and now but also long enough ago for actual progress. More importantly, I chose Scientific American because the magazine publishes sober assessments of science, often by scientists themselves.”

Charlotte Lozier Institute Presents First Video on Life-Saving Adult Stem Cell Success

Charlotte Lozier Institute | May 26, 2015.

Today, the Charlotte Lozier Institute (CLI) presents its first-ever video celebrating one account of a life-saving ethical adult stem cell treatment.

The short video recounts the poignant story of Paul Wagle, a young man from Kansas who was diagnosed with cancer at age 10 and endured chemotherapy for two-and-a-half years only to then relapse. He was offered adult stem cell treatment, and the rest is history.

Testimony of David A. Prentice, Ph.D. before Institute of Medicine on Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy and 3-Parent Embryos

David Prentice, Ph.D. | May 19, 2015.

On May 19, 2015, Dr. David A. Prentice delivered the following testimony before the Institute of Medicine to address the ethical and social issues raised by proposed mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) techniques.

Written Testimony of David A. Prentice, Ph.D. in Support of Ohio’s Down Syndrome Non-Discrimination Act

David Prentice, Ph.D. | May 19, 2015.

In this testimony, Dr. David Prentice, Vice President and Research Director of the Charlotte Lozier Institute, testifies in support of Ohio’s HB 135, which would provide necessary, distinct protections for developing human beings, preventing discrimination based on genetics or disability.

Written Testimony of David A. Prentice, Ph.D.: Progress on Kansas’ Midwest Stem Cell Therapy Center Research

David Prentice, Ph.D. | May 1, 2015.

In this testimony before multiple Kansas state Senate and House committees, Dr. David Prentice briefs legislators on the progress of the Midwest Stem Cell Therapy Center. There are currently about 53 centers nationwide conducting ethical adult stem cell research for therapies to treat a wide range of diseases and conditions. The Midwest Stem Cell Therapy Center at the University of Kansas is unique, comprehensive, and focused on patients first.

Ethical Adult Stem Cell Treatments Result in “Profound Improvement” for MS Patients

Eugene C. Tarne | March 19, 2015.

British media are reporting a significant development in the use of ethical, non-embryonic stem cells to treat patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and, perhaps, other auto-immune diseases.

Auto-immune diseases are caused by an abnormal immune response which causes the immune system to attack and destroy healthy tissues in a person’s own body. Such diseases include Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma and lupus, among many others. While the exact cause is not known, many researchers believe multiple sclerosis occurs when a person’s immune system attacks tissue of the brain and spinal cord, resulting in severe pain, impaired movement and in the most extreme cases, death.

Stem Cells & Therapies