close-panel

Charlotte Lozier Institute

Phone: 202-223-8073
Fax: 571-312-0544

2776 S. Arlington Mill Dr.
#803
Arlington, VA 22206

Get Notifications

Sign up to receive email updates from Charlotte Lozier Institute.

This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

Bibliography

Abate, Paula, Mariana Pueta, Norman E. Spear, and Juan C. Molina. “Fetal Learning About Ethanol and Later Ethanol Responsiveness: Evidence Against ‘Safe’ Amounts of Prenatal Exposure.” Experimental Biology and Medicine 233, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 139–54. https://doi.org/10.3181/0703-MR-69.

Abbasi, Soraya, Corrina Oxford, Jeffrey Gerdes, Harish Sehdev, and Jack Ludmir. “Antenatal Corticosteroids Prior to 24 Weeks’ Gestation and Neonatal Outcome of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants.” American Journal of Perinatology 27, no. 1 (January 2010): 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1223269.

Ackerman, Sandra. The Development and Shaping of the Brain. Discovering the Brain. National Academies Press (US), 1992. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234146/.

Adam-Darque, Alexandra, Frédéric Grouiller, Lana Vasung, Russia Ha-Vinh Leuchter, Philippe Pollien, François Lazeyras, and Petra S. Hüppi. “FMRI-Based Neuronal Response to New Odorants in the Newborn Brain.” Cerebral Cortex 28, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 2901–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhx167.

Adams, Russell J. “Further Exploration of Human Neonatal Chromatic-Achromatic Discrimination.” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 60, no. 3 (December 1, 1995): 344–60. https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.1995.1045.

Adams, Russell J., Mary L. Courage, and Michele E. Mercer. “Deficiencies in Human Neonates’ Color Vision: Photoreceptoral and Neural Explanations.” Behavioural Brain Research 43, no. 2 (May 15, 1991): 109–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(05)80060-9.

Ahmad, Kaashif A., Charlotte S. Frey, Mario A. Fierro, Alexander B. Kenton, and Frank X. Placencia. “Two-Year Neurodevelopmental Outcome of an Infant Born at 21 Weeks’ 4 Days’ Gestation.” Pediatrics 140, no. 6 (December 2017): e20170103. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-0103.

Alberts, Bruce, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter. “The Initiation and Completion of DNA Replication in Chromosomes.” Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th Edition, 2002. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26826/.

Al Naimi, A., Moore, P., Brüggmann, D., Krysa, L., Louwen, F., & Bahlmann, F. (2021). Ectopic pregnancy: a single-center experience over ten years. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 19(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-021-00761-w.

Anand, K.J.S., and P.R. Hickley. “KJS Anand and PR Hickey: Neonatal Pain and Its Effects.” New England Journal of Medicine 317, no. 21 (1987): 1321–29.

Andéol, Guillaume, Ewan A. Macpherson, and Andrew T. Sabin. “Sound Localization in Noise and Sensitivity to Spectral Shape.” Hearing Research 304 (October 1, 2013): 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2013.06.001.

Andersen, Susan L. “Trajectories of Brain Development: Point of Vulnerability or Window of Opportunity?” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Brain Development, Sex Differences and Stress: Implications for Psychopathology, 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(03)00005-8.

Anderson, Amy L., and Moriah E. Thomason. “Functional Plasticity before the Cradle: A Review of Neural Functional Imaging in the Human Fetus.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, CNTRICS: Modeling psychosis related cognition in animal systems to enhance translational research + Life-Span Plasticity of Brain and Behavior: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective, 37, no. 9, Part B (November 1, 2013): 2220–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.013.

Ando, Y., and H. Hattori. “Effects of Noise on Sleep of Babies.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 62, no. 1 (July 1, 1977): 199–204. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.381482.

Arain, Mariam, Maliha Haque, Lina Johal, Puja Mathur, Wynand Nel, Afsha Rais, Ranbir Sandhu, and Sushil Sharma. “Maturation of the Adolescent Brain.” Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 9 (2013): 449–61. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S39776.

Asp, Michaela, Stefania Giacomello, Ludvig Larsson, Chenglin Wu, Daniel Fürth, Xiaoyan Qian, Eva Wärdell et al. “A spatiotemporal organ-wide gene expression and cell atlas of the developing human heart.” Cell 179, no. 7 (2019): 1647-1660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.025.

Babler, W. J. “Embryologic Development of Epidermal Ridges and Their Configurations.” Birth Defects Original Article Series 27, no. 2 (1991): 95–112.

Baldi, Pierre. The Shattered Self: The End of Natural Evolution. MIT Press, 2001.

Banks, Martin S., and Patrick J. Bennett. “Optical and Photoreceptor Immaturities Limit the Spatial and Chromatic Vision of Human Neonates.” JOSA A 5, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 2059–79. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.5.002059.

Barbazanges, Arnaud, Pier Vincenzo Piazza, Michel Le Moal, and Stefania Maccari. “Maternal Glucocorticoid Secretion Mediates Long-Term Effects of Prenatal Stress.” Journal of Neuroscience 16, no. 12 (June 15, 1996): 3943–49. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-12-03943.1996.

Bartocci, Marco, Lena L. Bergqvist, Hugo Lagercrantz, and K. J. S. Anand. “Pain Activates Cortical Areas in the Preterm Newborn Brain.” PAIN 122, no. 1 (May 1, 2006): 109–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2006.01.015.

Beauchamp, Gary K., Beverly J. Cowart, and Marianne Moran. “Developmental Changes in Salt Acceptability in Human Infants.” Developmental Psychobiology 19, no. 1 (1986): 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.420190103.

Beauchamp, Gary K., and Paul Pearson. “Human Development and Umami Taste.” Physiology & Behavior, Umami: Proceedings of the Second International Symosium on Umami, 49, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 1009–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(91)90215-A.

Bellieni, Carlo V. “Analgesia for Fetal Pain during Prenatal Surgery: 10 Years of Progress.” Pediatric Research, September 24, 2020, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-01170-2.

Bernardes, L. S., Carvalho, M. A., Harnik, S. B., Teixeira, M. J., Ottolia, J., Castro, D., … & de Andrade, D. C. (2021). Sorting pain out of salience: assessment of pain facial expressions in the human fetus. Pain reports, 6(1). doi: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000000882.

Bernardes, L. S., Rosa, A. S., Carvalho, M. A., Ottolia, J., Rubloski, J. M., Castro, D., … & de Andrade, D. C. (2021). Acute pain facial expressions in 23-week fetus. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.23709.

Bernstine, Richard L., and Winslow J. Borkowski. “Prenatal Fetal Electroencephalography.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 77, no. 5 (May 1, 1959): 1116–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(59)90055-9.

Bhardwaj, Ratan D., Maurice A. Curtis, Kirsty L. Spalding, Bruce A. Buchholz, David Fink, Thomas Björk-Eriksson, Claes Nordborg, et al. “Neocortical Neurogenesis in Humans Is Restricted to Development.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 33 (August 15, 2006): 12564–68. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605177103.

Bianchi, Diana W., R. Lamar Parker, Jeffrey Wentworth, Rajeevi Madankumar, Craig Saffer, Anita F. Das, Joseph A. Craig, et al. “DNA Sequencing versus Standard Prenatal Aneuploidy Screening.” New England Journal of Medicine 370, no. 9 (February 27, 2014): 799–808. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1311037.

Birch, Eileen E., and Anna R. O’Connor. “Preterm Birth and Visual Development.” Seminars in Neonatology 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 487–97. https://doi.org/10.1053/siny.2001.0077.

Birnholz, J. C., and B. R. Benacerraf. “The Development of Human Fetal Hearing.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 222, no. 4623 (November 4, 1983): 516–18. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6623091.

Blanchard-Rohner, Geraldine, Sara Meier, Michael Bel, Christophe Combescure, Véronique Othenin-Girard, Rhimou Azbar Swali, Begoña Martinez de Tejada, and Claire-Anne Siegrist. “Influenza Vaccination Given at Least 2 Weeks Before Delivery to Pregnant Women Facilitates Transmission of Seroprotective Influenza-Specific Antibodies to the Newborn.” The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 32, no. 12 (2013). https://journals.lww.com/pidj/Fulltext/2013/12000/Influenza_Vaccination_Given_at_Least_2_Weeks.24.aspx.

Blickstein, Isaac, and Louis G. Keith. Multiple Pregnancy: Epidemiology, Gestation, and Perinatal Outcome. CRC Press, 2005.

Borkowski, Winslow J., and Richard L. Bernstine. “Electroencephalography of the Fetus.” Neurology 5, no. 5 (May 1, 1955): 362. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.5.5.362.

Bossy, J. “Development of Olfactory and Related Structures in Staged Human Embryos.” Anatomy and Embryology 161, no. 2 (1980): 225–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00305346.

Bradley, R. M., and I. B. Stern. “The Development of the Human Taste Bud during the Foetal Period.” Journal of Anatomy 101, no. Pt 4 (September 1967): 743–52.

Brenner, William E., David A. Edelman, and Charles H. Hendricks. “A Standard of Fetal Growth for the United States of America.” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 126, no. 5 (November 1, 1976): 555–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(76)90748-1.

Bruder, Carl E.G., Arkadiusz Piotrowski, Antoinet A.C.J. Gijsbers, Robin Andersson, Stephen Erickson, Teresita Diaz de Ståhl, Uwe Menzel, et al. “Phenotypically Concordant and Discordant Monozygotic Twins Display Different DNA Copy-Number-Variation Profiles.” American Journal of Human Genetics 82, no. 3 (March 3, 2008): 763–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.12.011.

Bryant, Gregory A., and H. Clark Barrett. “Recognizing Intentions in Infant-Directed Speech: Evidence for Universals.” Psychological Science 18, no. 8 (August 2007): 746–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01970.x.

Buijtendijk, MFJBarnett, Pvan den Hoff, MJBDevelopment of the human heartAm J Med Genet Part C2020184C7– 22. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.c.31778.

Bushnell, I. W. R., F. Sai, and J. T. Mullin. “Neonatal Recognition of the Mother’s Face.” British Journal of Developmental Psychology 7, no. 1 (1989): 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.1989.tb00784.x.

Castiello, Umberto, Cristina Becchio, Stefania Zoia, Cristian Nelini, Luisa Sartori, Laura Blason, Giuseppina D’Ottavio, Maria Bulgheroni, and Vittorio Gallese. “Wired to be social: the ontogeny of human interaction.” PloS one 5, no. 10 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013199.

Cavallini, Anna, Elisa Fazzi, Viviana Viviani, Maria Graziana Astori, Silvia Zaverio, Paolo Emilio Bianchi, and Giovanni Lanzi. “Visual Acuity in the First Two Years of Life in Healthy Term Newborns: An Experience with the Teller Acuity Cards.” Functional Neurology 17, no. 2 (June 2002): 87–92.

CDC. “Data & Statistics on Zika and Pregnancy | CDC.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, July 20, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/zika/data/index.html.

Centers for Disease Control . 2012. “Ectopic Pregnancy Mortality—Florida, 2009–2010.” https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6106a2.htm?s_cid=mm6106a2_w.

Charlotte Lozier Institute. “What Is a Stem Cell? | SCRF – Charlotte Lozier Institute.” Stem Cell Research Facts. Accessed May 16, 2020. https://www.stemcellresearchfacts.org/what-is-a-stem-cell.

Chotro, Maria Gabriela, and Juan Carlos Molina. “Acute Ethanol Contamination of the Amniotic Fluid during Gestational Day 21: Postnatal Changes in Alcohol Responsiveness in Rats.” Developmental Psychobiology 23, no. 6 (1990): 535–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.420230608.

Clavadetscher, John E., Angela M. Brown, Corlene Ankrum, and Davida Y. Teller. “Spectral Sensitivity and Chromatic Discriminations in 3- and 7-Week-Old Human Infants.” JOSA A 5, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 2093–2105. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.5.002093.

Cloherty, John P, Eric C Eichenwald, and Ann R Stark. Manual of Neonatal Care. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2017.

Condic, M. L. (2009). When Does Human Life Begin?: A Scientific Perspective. The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, 9(1), 129-149. https://doi.org/10.5840/ncbq20099184

Condic, M. L., & Harrison, D. (2018). Treatment of an Ectopic Pregnancy: An Ethical Reanalysis. The Linacre Quarterly, 85(3), 241-251. https://doi.org/10.1177/0024363918782417

Connors, Greg, Cora Hunse, Lesley Carmichael, Renato Natale, and Bryan Richardson. “Control of Fetal Breathing in the Human Fetus between 24 and 34 Weeks’ Gestation.” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 160, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 932–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(89)90313-X.

Conrad, Donald F., Jonathan E.M. Keebler, Mark A. DePristo, Sarah J. Lindsay, Yujun Zhang, Ferran Cassals, Youssef Idaghdour, et al. “Variation in Genome-Wide Mutation Rates within and between Human Families.” Nature Genetics 43, no. 7 (June 12, 2011): 712–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.862.

Cook-Mills, Joan M. “Maternal Influences over Offspring Allergic Responses.” Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 15, no. 2 (February 2015): 501–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-014-0501-1.

Cooper, Robin Panneton, and Richard N. Aslin. “Developmental Differences in Infant Attention to the Spectral Properties of Infant-Directed Speech.” Child Development 65, no. 6 (1994): 1663–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00841.x.

Cvekl, Aleš, and Ruth Ashery-Padan. “The Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Vertebrate Lens Development.” Development 141, no. 23 (December 1, 2014): 4432–47. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.107953.

Dawe, Gavin S., Xiao Wei Tan, and Zhi-Cheng Xiao. “Cell Migration from Baby to Mother.” Cell Adhesion & Migration 1, no. 1 (March 2007): 19–27.

DeCasper, A. J., and W. P. Fifer. “Of Human Bonding: Newborns Prefer Their Mothers’ Voices.” Science 208, no. 4448 (June 6, 1980): 1174–76. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7375928.

Decasper, Anthony J., and Phyllis A. Prescott. “Human Newborns’ Perception of Male Voices: Preference, Discrimination, and Reinforcing Value.” Developmental Psychobiology 17, no. 5 (1984): 481–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.420170506.

DeCasper, Anthony J., and Melanie J. Spence. “Prenatal Maternal Speech Influences Newborns’ Perception of Speech Sounds.” Infant Behavior and Development 9, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 133–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-6383(86)90025-1.

Delorme-Axford, Elizabeth, Yoel Sadovsky, and Carolyn B. Coyne. “The Placenta as a Barrier to Viral Infections.” Annual Review of Virology 1, no. 1 (November 2014): 133–46. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-031413-085524.

Derbyshire, Stuart WG, and John C Bockmann. “Reconsidering Fetal Pain.” Journal of Medical Ethics 46, no. 1 (January 2020): 3–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-105701.

de Vries, J. I. de, G. H. Visser, E. J. Mulder, and H. F. Prechtl. “Diurnal and Other Variations in Fetal Movement and Heart Rate Patterns at 20-22 Weeks.” Early Human Development 15, no. 6 (November 1987): 333–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3782(87)90029-6.

de Vries, J. I. de, G. H. Visser, and H. F. Prechtl. “The Emergence of Fetal Behaviour. II. Quantitative Aspects.” Early Human Development 12, no. 2 (November 1985): 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3782(85)90174-4.

de Vries, J. I. P. de, G. H. A. Visser, and H. F. R. Prechtl. “The Emergence of Fetal Behaviour. I. Qualitative Aspects.” Early Human Development 7, no. 4 (December 30, 1982): 301–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3782(82)90033-0.

Dewar, Gwen. “The Newborn Senses: What Can Babies Feel, See, Hear, Smell, and Taste?” Parenting Science, 2019. https://www.parentingscience.com/newborn-senses.html.

DiFiore, J. W., and J. M. Wilson. “Lung Development.” Seminars in Pediatric Surgery 3, no. 4 (November 1994): 221–32.

DiPietro, J. A., Bornstein, M. H., Costigan, K. A., Pressman, E. K., Hahn, C. S., Painter, K., … & Yi, L. J. (2002). What does fetal movement predict about behavior during the first two years of life?. Developmental Psychobiology: The Journal of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology, 40(4), 358-371

Donders, Francesca, Risa Lonnée-Hoffmann, Aristotelis Tsiakalos, Werner Mendling, José Martinez de Oliveira, Philippe Judlin, Fengxia Xue, Gilbert G. G. Donders, and ISIDOG COVID-19 Guideline Workgroup. “ISIDOG Recommendations Concerning COVID-19 and Pregnancy.” Diagnostics 10, no. 4 (April 2020): 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10040243.

Draganova, Rossitza, Hari Eswaran, Pamela Murphy, Curtis Lowery, and Hubert Preissl. “Serial Magnetoencephalographic Study of Fetal and Newborn Auditory Discriminative  Evoked Responses.” Early Human Development 83, no. 3 (March 2007): 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.05.018.

Du Toit, George, Graham Roberts, Peter H Sayre, Henry T Bahnson, Suzana Radulovic, Alexandra F Santos, Helen A Brough, et al. “Randomized Trial of Peanut Consumption in Infants at Risk for Peanut Allergy.” The New England Journal of Medicine 372, no. 9 (February 26, 2015): 803–13. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1414850.

Dubey, Pallavi, Sireesha Y. Reddy, Sharron Manuel, and Alok K. Dwivedi. “Maternal and Neonatal Characteristics and Outcomes among COVID-19 Infected Women: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 252 (September 1, 2020): 490–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.034.

Dubinsky, T. J., Guerra, F., Gormaz, G., & Maklad, N. (1996). Fetal survival in abdominal pregnancy: a review of 11 cases. Journal of clinical ultrasound, 24(9), 513-517. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0096(199611/12)24:9<513::AID-JCU4>3.0.CO;2-Q.

EHD: 1 to 2 weeks. “1 to 2 Weeks | Prenatal Overview.” Accessed May 22, 2020. https://www.ehd.org/dev_article_unit2.php.

EHD: 2 to 3 weeks. “2 to 3 Weeks | Prenatal Overview.” Accessed June 19, 2020. https://www.ehd.org/dev_article_unit3.php.

EHD: Appendix. “Appendix | Prenatal Overview.” Accessed April 3, 2020. https://www.ehd.org/dev_article_appendix.php#fb16.

EHD: Prefertilization. “Prefertilization | Prenatal Overview.” Accessed June 30, 2020. https://www.ehd.org/dev_article_intro.php.

Erickson, Lucy C., and Rochelle S. Newman. “Influences of Background Noise on Infants and Children.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 26, no. 5 (October 1, 2017): 451–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417709087.

Eswaran, Hari, Curtis L. Lowery, James D. Wilson, Pam Murphy, and Hubert Preissl. “Functional Development of the Visual System in Human Fetus Using Magnetoencephalography.” Neuroimaging of Functional Development in Fetuses and Newborns 190 (November 1, 2004): 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.04.007.

Evans, Janice P. “Preventing Polyspermy in Mammalian Eggs—Contributions of the Membrane Block and Other Mechanisms.” Molecular Reproduction and Development 87, no. 3 (2020): 341–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.23331.

Faas, Ana E., Samanta M. March, Pedro R. Moya, and Juan C. Molina. “Alcohol Odor Elicits Appetitive Facial Expressions in Human Neonates Prenatally Exposed to the Drug.” Physiology & Behavior, Early Ontogeny, 148 (September 1, 2015): 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.031.

Fabbrini, Monica, Fabio Rigat, Giovanna Tuscano, Emiliano Chiarot, Gilbert Donders, Roland Devlieger, Sara Filippini, et al. “Functional Activity of Maternal and Cord Antibodies Elicited by an Investigational  Group B Streptococcus Trivalent Glycoconjugate Vaccine in Pregnant Women.” The Journal of Infection 76, no. 5 (May 2018): 449–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2018.01.006.

Farroni, Teresa, Gergely Csibra, Francesca Simion, and Mark H. Johnson. “Eye Contact Detection in Humans from Birth.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 14 (July 9, 2002): 9602–5. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.152159999.

Farroni, Teresa, Stefano Massaccesi, Donatella Pividori, and Mark H. Johnson. “Gaze Following in Newborns.” Infancy 5, no. 1 (2004): 39–60. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327078in0501_2.

Farroni, Teresa, Enrica Menon, Silvia Rigato, and Mark H. Johnson. “The Perception of Facial Expressions in Newborns.” The European Journal of Developmental Psychology 4, no. 1 (March 2007): 2–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405620601046832.

Faure-Bardon, V., Magny, J. F., Parodi, M., Couderc, S., Garcia, P., Maillotte, A. M., … & Leruez-Ville, M. (2019). Sequelae of congenital cytomegalovirus following maternal primary infections are limited to those acquired in the first trimester of pregnancy. Clinical infectious diseases, 69(9), 1526-1532. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1128

Feinstein, Justin S., Sahib S. Khalsa, Tim V. Salomons, Kenneth M. Prkachin, Laura A. Frey-Law, Jennifer E. Lee, Daniel Tranel, and David Rudrauf. “Preserved Emotional Awareness of Pain in a Patient with Extensive Bilateral Damage to the Insula, Anterior Cingulate, and Amygdala.” Brain Structure and Function 221, no. 3 (April 1, 2016): 1499–1511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0986-3.

Feldman, B., Yinon, Y., Oikawa, M. T., Yoeli, R., Schiff, E., & Lipitz, S. (2011). Pregestational, periconceptional, and gestational primary maternal cytomegalovirus infection: prenatal diagnosis in 508 pregnancies. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 205(4), 342-e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2011.05.030

Ferrari, Gabriella A., Ylenia Nicolini, Elisa Demuru, Cecilia Tosato, Merhi Hussain, Elena Scesa, Luisa Romei, et al. “Ultrasonographic Investigation of Human Fetus Responses to Maternal Communicative and Non-Communicative Stimuli.” Frontiers in Psychology 7 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00354.

FitzgeraId, Maria, Alison Shaw, and Neil MacIntosh. “Postnatal Development of the Cutaneous Flexor Reflex: Comparative Study of Preterm Infants and Newborn Rat Pups.” Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 30, no. 4 (1988): 520–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1988.tb04779.x.

Fitzgerald, Maria. “The Development of Nociceptive Circuits.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6, no. 7 (July 2005): 507–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1701.

Forestell, Catherine A. “Flavor Perception and Preference Development in Human Infants.” Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 70, no. Suppl. 3 (2017): 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1159/000478759.

Fouda, Genevieve G, David R Martinez, Geeta K Swamy, and Sallie R Permar. “The Impact of IgG Transplacental Transfer on Early Life Immunity.” ImmunoHorizons 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 14–25. https://doi.org/10.4049/immunohorizons.1700057.

Frates, M. C., Doubilet, P. M., Peters, H. E., & Benson, C. B. (2014). Adnexal sonographic findings in ectopic pregnancy and their correlation with tubal rupture and human chorionic gonadotropin levels. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 33(4), 697-703.

Frazier, A. Lindsay, Carlos A. Jr Camargo, Susan Malspeis, Walter C. Willett, and Michael C. Young. “Prospective Study of Peripregnancy Consumption of Peanuts or Tree Nuts by Mothers  and the Risk of Peanut or Tree Nut Allergy in Their Offspring.” JAMA Pediatrics 168, no. 2 (February 2014): 156–62. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4139.

Fujimura, Takashi, Shelly Zing Chin Lum, Yuka Nagata, Seiji Kawamoto, and Michiko K Oyoshi. “Influences of Maternal Factors Over Offspring Allergies and the Application for Food Allergy.” Frontiers in Immunology 10 (August 23, 2019): 1933–1933. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01933.

Gabrielli L, Bonasoni MP, Santini D, Piccirilli G, Chiereghin A, Guerra B, Landini MP, Capretti MG, Lanari M, Lazzarotto T. Human fetal inner ear involvement in congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2013 Oct 2;1:63. doi: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-63.

Gardner, E, and R O’Rahilly. “The Nerve Supply and Conducting System of the Human Heart at the End of the Embryonic Period Proper.” Journal of Anatomy 121, no. Pt 3 (July 1976): 571–87.

Geangu, Elena, Oana Benga, Daniel Stahl, and Tricia Striano. “Contagious Crying beyond the First Days of Life.” Infant Behavior and Development 33, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 279–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.03.004.

Giacomini, Elisa, Riccardo Vago, Ana Maria Sanchez, Paola Podini, Natasa Zarovni, Valentina Murdica, Roberta Rizzo, Daria Bortolotti, Massimo Candiani, and Paola Viganò. “Secretome of in Vitro Cultured Human Embryos Contains Extracellular Vesicles That Are Uptaken by the Maternal Side.” Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (July 12, 2017): 5210. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05549-w.

Giannakoulopoulos, X, V Glover, W Sepulveda, P Kourtis, and N. M Fisk. “Fetal Plasma Cortisol and β-Endorphin Response to Intrauterine Needling.” The Lancet, Originally published as Volume 2, Issue 8915, 344, no. 8915 (July 9, 1994): 77–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91279-3.

Giannakoulopoulos, Xenophon, Jerónima Teixeira, Nicholas Fisk, and Vivette Glover. “Human Fetal and Maternal Noradrenaline Responses to Invasive Procedures.” Pediatric Research 45, no. 4 (April 1999): 494–99. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199904010-00007.

Gitau, Rachel, Nicholas M. Fisk, Jeronima M. A. Teixeira, Alan Cameron, and Vivette Glover. “Fetal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Stress Responses to Invasive Procedures Are Independent of Maternal Responses.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 104–9. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.1.7090.

Glenn, Gregory M., Gale Smith, Louis Fries, Rama Raghunandan, Hanxin Lu, Bin Zhou, D. Nigel Thomas, et al. “Safety and Immunogenicity of a Sf9 Insect Cell-Derived Respiratory Syncytial Virus  Fusion Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine.” Vaccine 31, no. 3 (January 7, 2013): 524–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.009.

Glover, Vivette. “The Fetus May Feel Pain from 20 Weeks.” Conscience XXV, no. 3 (2005). https://search.proquest.com/openview/fc0b3f03afddeb32f1658bdfbe66605f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=26891.

Goldman, A. S. “The Immune System of Human Milk: Antimicrobial, Antiinflammatory and  Immunomodulating Properties.” The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 12, no. 8 (August 1993): 664–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199308000-00008.

Goulart, Paulo R. K., Marcio L. Bandeira, Daniela Tsubota, Nestor N. Oiwa, Marcelo F. Costa, and Dora F. Ventura. “A Computer-Controlled Color Vision Test for Children Based on the Cambridge Colour Test.” Visual Neuroscience 25, no. 3 (2008): 445–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523808080589.

Grand, Richard J., John B. Watkins, and Frank M. Torti. “Development of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: A Review.” Gastroenterology 70, no. 5 (May 1, 1976): 790–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(76)80277-6.

Granier-Deferre, Carolyn, Sophie Bassereau, Aurélie Ribeiro, Anne-Yvonne Jacquet, and Anthony J. DeCasper. “A Melodic Contour Repeatedly Experienced by Human Near-Term Fetuses Elicits a Profound Cardiac Reaction One Month after Birth.” PLOS ONE 6, no. 2 (February 23, 2011): e17304. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017304.

Graven, Stanley N., and Joy V. Browne. “Auditory Development in the Fetus and Infant.” Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, Brain Development of the Neonate, 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 187–93. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.nainr.2008.10.010.

Guellai, Bahia, and Arlette Streri. “Cues for Early Social Skills: Direct Gaze Modulates Newborns’ Recognition of Talking Faces.” PLOS ONE 6, no. 4 (April 15, 2011): e18610. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018610.

Guyton, AC, and JE Hall. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2000.

Hack KEA, Koopman-Esseboom C, Derks JB, Elias SG, de Kleine MJK, Baerts W, et al. (2009) Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Monochorionic and Matched Dichorionic Twins. PLoS ONE 4(8): e6815. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006815.

Han, Velda X., Shrujna Patel, Hannah F. Jones, Timothy C. Nielsen, Shekeeb S. Mohammad, Markus J. Hofer, Wendy Gold, et al. “Maternal Acute and Chronic Inflammation in Pregnancy Is Associated with Common Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review.” Translational Psychiatry 11, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01198-w.

Health (US), National Institutes of, and Biological Sciences Curriculum Study. Understanding Human Genetic Variation. NIH Curriculum Supplement Series [Internet]. National Institutes of Health (US), 2007. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20363/.

Heerema-McKenney, Amy. “Defense and Infection of the Human Placenta.” APMIS: Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica 126, no. 7 (July 2018): 570–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/apm.12847.

Heeswijk, M. van, J. G. Nijhuis, and H. M. Hollanders. “Fetal Heart Rate in Early Pregnancy.” Early Human Development 22, no. 3 (June 1990): 151–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3782(90)90181-h.

Hendrickson, Anita, Keely Bumsted-O’Brien, Riccardo Natoli, Visvanathan Ramamurthy, Daniel Possin, and Jan Provis. “Rod Photoreceptor Differentiation in Fetal and Infant Human Retina.” Experimental Eye Research 87, no. 5 (November 2008): 415–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2008.07.016.

Hendrickson, Anita and D. Drucker. ‘The development of parafoveal and mid-peripheral human retina.’ Behavioral Brain Research, 49 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(05)80191-3

Hepper, P. G. “Fetal Memory: Does It Exist? What Does It Do?” Acta Paediatrica 85, no. s416 (1996): 16–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14272.x.

Hepper, P.G. “Unravelling Our Beginnings | The Psychologist,” 2005. https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-18/edition-8/unravelling-our-beginnings.

Hepper, P. G., E. A. Shannon, and J. C. Dornan. “Sex Differences in Fetal Mouth Movements.” Lancet (London, England) 350, no. 9094 (December 20, 1997): 1820. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)63635-5.

Hepper, Peter G, Glenda R Mccartney, and E. Alyson Shannon. “Lateralised Behaviour in First Trimester Human Foetuses.” Neuropsychologia 36, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 531–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00156-5.

Hepper, Peter G, and B Sara Shahidullah. “Development of Fetal Hearing.” Archives of Disease in Childhood – Fetal and Neonatal Edition 71, no. 2 (September 1, 1994): F81. https://doi.org/10.1136/fn.71.2.F81.

Hill, Mark. “Week 6 – Embryology.” UNSW embryology: Week 6, 2020. https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Week_6.

Hill, Mark. “Integumentary System,” UNSW embyrology, 2020. https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Integumentary_System_-_Nail_Development#Development_Overview.

Hill, Mark. “UNSW Embryology, Week 3,” 2020. https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Week_3.

Hoerder-Suabedissen, Anna, and Zoltán Molnár. “Development, Evolution and Pathology of Neocortical Subplate Neurons.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 16, no. 3 (March 2015): 133–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3915.

Hooker, D. The Prenatal Origin of Behavior. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1952.

Horimoto, N., P. G. Hepper, S. Shahidullah, and T. Koyanagi. “Fetal Eye Movements.” Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 3, no. 5 (1993): 362–69. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.1993.03050362.x.

Hornberger LK, Sahn DJ. Rhythm abnormalities of the fetus. Heart. 2007 Oct;93(10):1294-300. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2005.069369.

Huang, K., Song, L., Wang, L., Gao, Z., Meng, Y., & Lu, Y. (2014). Advanced abdominal pregnancy: an increasingly challenging clinical concern for obstetricians. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology, 7(9), 5461.

Humphrey, Tryphena. “Some Correlations between the Appearance of Human Fetal Reflexes and the Development of the Nervous System.” In Progress in Brain Research, edited by Dominick P. Purpura and J. P. Schadé, 4:93–135. Growth and Maturation of the Brain. Elsevier, 1964. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61273-X.

Huttenlocher, P. R., and C. de Courten. “The Development of Synapses in Striate Cortex of Man.” Human Neurobiology 6, no. 1 (1987): 1–9.

Huttenlocher, Peter R. “Synaptic Density in Human Frontal Cortex — Developmental Changes and Effects of Aging.” Brain Research 163, no. 2 (March 16, 1979): 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(79)90349-4.

Imada, Toshiaki, Yang Zhang, Marie Cheour, Samu Taulu, Antti Ahonen, and Patricia K. Kuhl. “Infant Speech Perception Activates Broca’s Area: A Developmental Magnetoencephalography Study.” NeuroReport 17, no. 10 (July 17, 2006): 957–62. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000223387.51704.89.

Izard, Véronique, Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz, and Stanislas Dehaene. “Distinct Cerebral Pathways for Object Identity and Number in Human Infants.” PLOS Biology 6, no. 2 (February 5, 2008): e11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060011.

Jandó, Gábor, Eszter Mikó-Baráth, Katalin Markó, Katalin Hollódy, Béla Török, and Ilona Kovacs. “Early-Onset Binocularity in Preterm Infants Reveals Experience-Dependent Visual Development in Humans.” PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, no. 27 (2012): 11049–52. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1203096109.

Jardri, Renaud, Delphine Pins, Véronique Houfflin-Debarge, Caroline Chaffiotte, Nathalie Rocourt, Jean-Pierre Pruvo, Marc Steinling, Pierre Delion, and Pierre Thomas. “Fetal Cortical Activation to Sound at 33 Weeks of Gestation: A Functional MRI Study.” NeuroImage 42, no. 1 (August 1, 2008): 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.247.

Jennewein, Madeleine F., Ilona Goldfarb, Sepideh Dolatshahi, Cormac Cosgrove, Francesca J. Noelette, Marina Krykbaeva, Jishnu Das, et al. “Fc Glycan-Mediated Regulation of Placental Antibody Transfer.” Cell 178, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 202-215.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.044.

Johnston, Celeste, Marsha CampbellYeo, Timothy Disher, Britney Benoit, Ananda Fernandes, David Streiner, Darlene Inglis, and Rebekah Zee. “Skintoskin Care for Procedural Pain in Neonates.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 2 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008435.pub3.

Jordaan, H. V. “Development of the Central Nervous System in Prenatal Life.” Obstetrics and Gynecology 53, no. 2 (February 1979): 146–50.

Kagurasho, Miho, Shigehito Yamada, Chigako Uwabe, Katsumi Kose, and Tetsuya Takakuwa. “Movement of the External Ear in Human Embryo.” Head & Face Medicine 8 (February 1, 2012): 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-160X-8-2.

Katz, C., Bentur, L., and Elias, N. (2011). Clinical implication of lung fluid balance in the perinatal period. Journal of Perinatology 31, 230–235.

Keunen, Kristin, Serena J. Counsell, and Manon J. N. L. Benders. “The Emergence of Functional Architecture during Early Brain Development.” NeuroImage, Functional Architecture of the Brain, 160 (October 15, 2017): 2–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.047.

Kiserud, Torvid, Gilda Piaggio, Guillermo Carroli, Mariana Widmer, José Carvalho, Lisa Neerup Jensen, Daniel Giordano, et al. “The World Health Organization Fetal Growth Charts: A Multinational Longitudinal Study of Ultrasound Biometric Measurements and Estimated Fetal Weight.” PLOS Medicine 14, no. 1 (January 24, 2017): e1002220. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002220.

Kisilevsky, Barbara S., Darwin W. Muir, and James A. Low. “Maturation of Human Fetal Responses to Vibroacoustic Stimulation.” Child Development 63, no. 6 (1992): 1497–1508. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01710.x.

Klimach, V. J., and R. W. Cooke. “Maturation of the Neonatal Somatosensory Evoked Response in Preterm Infants.” Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 30, no. 2 (April 1988): 208–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1988.tb04752.x.

Koldovsky, O., A. Heringova, V. Jirsova, J. E. Jirasek, and J. Uher. “Transport of Glucose against a Concentration Gradient in Everted Sacs of Jejunum and Ileum of Human Fetuses.” Gastroenterology 48 (February 1965): 185–87.

Koltzenburg, Martin. “The Changing Sensitivity in the Life of the Nociceptor.” PAIN 82 (August 1999): S93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00142-6.

Konkel Lindsey. “The Brain before Birth: Using FMRI to Explore the Secrets of Fetal Neurodevelopment.” Environmental Health Perspectives 126, no. 11 (2018): 112001. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2268.

Konno, H., Murakoshi, T., Miura, K., & Masuzaki, H. (2020). The incidence of dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy after single blastocyst embryo transfer and zygosity: 8 years of single-center experience. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 23(1), 51-54. https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2020.5.

Kostovic, I. & Judas, M. Transient patterns of cortical lamination during prenatal life: do they have implications for treatment? Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 31, 1157–1168 (2007).

Kostović, Ivica, and Nataša Jovanov-Milošević. “The Development of Cerebral Connections during the First 20–45 Weeks’ Gestation.” Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Assessing Brain Function in the Perinatal Period, 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 415–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2006.07.001.

Krawczyk, K., Kosyl, E., Częścik-Łysyszyn, K. et al. Developmental capacity is unevenly distributed among single blastomeres of 2-cell and 4-cell stage mouse embryos. Sci Rep 11, 21422 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00834-1.

Krueger, C. A. “Fetal Heart Rate Variability and Learning in the 28–34 Weeks Fetus.” PhD Thesis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=5260662.

Krueger, Charlene, and Cynthia Garvan. “Emergence and Retention of Learning in Early Fetal Development.” Infant Behavior and Development 37, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 162–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.12.007.

Kuhl, Patricia K. “A New View of Language Acquisition.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 22 (October 24, 2000): 11850–57. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.22.11850.

Kwak-Kim, Joanne, Shihua Bao, Sung Ki Lee, Joon Woo Kim, and Alice Gilman-Sachs. “Immunological Modes of Pregnancy Loss: Inflammation, Immune Effectors, and Stress.” American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 72, no. 2 (2014): 129–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.12234.

Kwan, Kristen M., Hideo Otsuna, Hinako Kidokoro, Keith R. Carney, Yukio Saijoh, and Chi-Bin Chien. “A Complex Choreography of Cell Movements Shapes the Vertebrate Eye.” Development (Cambridge, England) 139, no. 2 (January 2012): 359–72. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.071407.

Laffont, J. “Embryology of the Brain.” Journal of Neuroradiology = Journal De Neuroradiologie 9, no. 1 (March 1982): 5–14.

Lagercrantz, Hugo, and Theodore A. Slotkin. “The ‘Stress’ of Being Born.” Scientific American 254, no. 4 (1986): 100–107.

Lecanuet, Jean-Pierre, and Benoist Schaal. “Fetal Sensory Competencies.” European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 68 (September 1996): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-2115(96)02509-2.

Lent, Roberto, Frederico A. C. Azevedo, Carlos H. AndradeMoraes, and Ana V. O. Pinto. “How Many Neurons Do You Have? Some Dogmas of Quantitative Neuroscience under Revision.” European Journal of Neuroscience 35, no. 1 (2012): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07923.x.

Leruez-Ville, M., Foulon, I., Pass, R., & Ville, Y. (2020). Cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy: state of the science. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 223(3), 330-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.02.018.

Lieberman, J., J. Sublett, Y. Ali, T. Haselkorn, V. Damle, A. Chidambaram, K. Rosen, and T. Mahr. “Increased Incidence and Prevalence of Peanut Allergy in Children and Adoescents in the United States.” Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 121, no. 5 (November 1, 2018): S13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2018.09.039.

Liley, A. W. “The Foetus as a Personality.” The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 6, no. 2 (June 1972): 99–105. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048677209159688.

Lipton, Jennifer S., and Elizabeth S. Spelke. “Origins of Number Sense: Large-Number Discrimination in Human Infants – Jennifer S. Lipton, Elizabeth S. Spelke, 2003,” 2003. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9280.01453.

Lisman, B. a. M., M. J. B. van den Hoff, K. Boer, O. P. Bleker, K. van Groningen, and N. Exalto. “The Architecture of First Trimester Chorionic Villous Vascularization: A Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopical Study.” Human Reproduction 22, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 2254–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dem143.

Loos, Helene M., Sébastien Doucet, Fanny Védrines, Constanze Sharapa, Robert Soussignan, Karine Durand, Paul Sagot, Andrea Buettner, and Benoist Schaal. “Responses of Human Neonates to Highly Diluted Odorants from Sweat.” Journal of Chemical Ecology 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 106–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-016-0804-x.

López Ramón y Cajal, C. “Description of Human Fetal Laryngeal Functions: Phonation.” Early Human Development 45, no. 1–2 (July 5, 1996): 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3782(95)01721-6.

Malloy C, Wubbenhorst MC, Lee TS. The perinatal revolution. Issues Law Med. 2019 Spring;34(1):15-41. PMID: 31179670.

Mampe, Birgit, Angela D. Friederici, Anne Christophe, and Kathleen Wermke. “Newborns’ Cry Melody Is Shaped by Their Native Language.” Current Biology 19, no. 23 (December 15, 2009): 1994–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.064.

Mangesi, L., Hofmeyr, G. J., Smith, V., & Smyth, R. M. (2015). Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (10).

Marin-Padilla, M. “Structural Organization of the Human Cerebral Cortex Prior to the Appearance of the  Cortical Plate.” Anatomy and Embryology 168, no. 1 (1983): 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00305396.

Marsh, Rachel, Andrew J. Gerber, and Bradley S. Peterson. “Neuroimaging Studies of Normal Brain Development and Their Relevance for Understanding Childhood Neuropsychiatric Disorders.” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 47, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 1233–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318185e703.

Martin, Grace B., and Russell D. Clark. “Distress Crying in Neonates: Species and Peer Specificity.” Developmental Psychology 18, no. 1 (1982): 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.18.1.3.

Marx, Viola, and Emese Nagy. “Fetal Behavioural Responses to Maternal Voice and Touch.” PLOS ONE 10, no. 6 (June 8, 2015): e0129118. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129118.

Mayo Clinic. “Fetal Development: What Happens during the 1st Trimester?” Mayo Clinic. Accessed May 22, 2020. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/prenatal-care/art-20045302.

McCrink, Koleen, and Karen Wynn. “Large-Number Addition and Subtraction by 9-Month-Old Infants – Koleen McCrink, Karen Wynn, 2004,” 2005. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00755.x.

Mehler, J, G. Lambertz, P. Jusczyk, and C. Amiel-Tison. “Discrimination de La Langue Maternelle Par Le Nouveau-Né.” Discrimination de La Langue Maternelle Par Le Nouveau-Né 303, no. 15 (1986): 637–40.

Mehler, Katrin, André Oberthuer, Titus Keller, Ingrid Becker, Markus Valter, Bernhard Roth, and Angela Kribs. “Survival Among Infants Born at 22 or 23 Weeks’ Gestation Following Active Prenatal and Postnatal Care.” JAMA Pediatrics 170, no. 7 (July 1, 2016): 671–77. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0207.

Meltzoff, Andrew N., and M. Keith Moore. “Newborn Infants Imitate Adult Facial Gestures.” Child Development 54, no. 3 (1983): 702–9. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130058.

Mendelson, Carole R., Alina P. Montalbano, and Lu Gao. “Fetal-to-Maternal Signaling in the Timing of Birth.” The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 170 (2017): 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.006.

Mennella, Julie A., Coren P. Jagnow, and Gary K. Beauchamp. “Prenatal and Postnatal Flavor Learning by Human Infants.” Pediatrics 107, no. 6 (June 2001): E88. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.6.e88.

Mennella, Julie A., Anthony Johnson, and Gary K. Beauchamp. “Garlic Ingestion by Pregnant Women Alters the Odor of Amniotic Fluid.” Chemical Senses 20, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 207–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/20.2.207.

Michel, A., and Lowe, N.K. (2017). The Successful Immediate Neonatal Transition to Extrauterine Life. Biology Research for Nursing 19, 287–294.

Mielke, G, and N Benda. “Cardiac Output and Central Distribution of Blood Flow in the Human Fetus.” Circulation 103, no. 12 (March 1, 2001): 1662–68. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.103.12.1662.

Milholland, Brandon, Xiao Dong, Lei Zhang, Xiaoxiao Hao, Yousin Suh, and Jan Vijg. “Differences between Germline and Somatic Mutation Rates in Humans and Mice.” Nature Communications 8, no. 1 (May 9, 2017): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15183.

Mizuno, K., N. Mizuno, T. Shinohara, and M. Noda. “Mother-Infant Skin-to-Skin Contact after Delivery Results in Early Recognition of Own Mother’s Milk Odour.” Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992) 93, no. 12 (December 2004): 1640–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/08035250410023115.

Molina, F. S., C. Faro, A. Sotiriadis, T. Dagklis, and K. H. Nicolaides. “Heart Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output by Four-Dimensional Ultrasound in Normal Fetuses.” Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology: The Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 32, no. 2 (August 2008): 181–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.5374.

Molina, Leonardo A., Ivan Skelin, and Aaron J. Gruber. “Acute NMDA Receptor Antagonism Disrupts Synchronization of Action Potential Firing in Rat Prefrontal Cortex.” PLoS ONE 9, no. 1 (January 17, 2014): e85842. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085842.

Montgomery, Robert K., Andrew E. Mulberg, and Richard J. Grand. “Development of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: Twenty Years of Progress.” Gastroenterology 116, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 702–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70193-9.

Moore, Keith L, TVN Persaud, and Mark G. Torchia. The Developing Human, Clinically Oriented Embryology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2016.

Morsi, Amr, Donald DeFranco, and Selma F. Witchel. “The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and the Fetus.” Hormone Research in Paediatrics 89, no. 5 (2018): 380–87. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488106.

Mrzljak, Ladislav, Harry B. M. Uylings, Ivica Kostovic, and Corbert G. van Eden. “Prenatal Development of Neurons in the Human Prefrontal Cortex: I. A Qualitative Golgi Study.” Journal of Comparative Neurology 271, no. 3 (1988): 355–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902710306.

Müller, F., and R. O’Rahilly. “Olfactory Structures in Staged Human Embryos.” Cells, Tissues, Organs 178, no. 2 (2004): 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1159/000081720.

Murugan VA, Murphy BO, Dupuis C, Goldstein A, Kim YH. Role of ultrasound in the evaluation of first-trimester pregnancies in the acute setting. Ultrasonography. 2020 Apr;39(2):178-189. doi: 10.14366/usg.19043. Epub 2019 Oct 16.

Mummert, Tyler, and David M. Gnugnoli. “Ectopic Pregnancy.” In StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2021. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/.

Murgatroyd, C., J. P. Quinn, H. M. Sharp, A. Pickles, and J. Hill. “Effects of Prenatal and Postnatal Depression, and Maternal Stroking, at the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene.” Translational Psychiatry 5, no. 5 (May 2015): e560–e560. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2014.140.

Nagy, Emese, Attila Pal, and Hajnalka Orvos. “Learning to Imitate Individual Finger Movements by the Human Neonate.” Developmental Science 17, no. 6 (2014): 841–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12163.

Natale, Renato, Constance Nasello-Paterson, and Greg Connors. “Patterns of Fetal Breathing Activity in the Human Fetus at 24 to 28 Weeks of Gestation.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 158, no. 2 (December 1, 1988): 317–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(88)90146-9.

National Association for Down Syndrome. “National Association for Down Syndrome | Facts About Down Syndrome.” Accessed May 29, 2021. https://www.nads.org/resources/facts-about-down-syndrome/.

Nazzari, Sarah, and Alessandra Frigerio. “The Programming Role of Maternal Antenatal Inflammation on Infants’ Early Neurodevelopment: A Review of Human Studies: Special Section on ‘Translational and Neuroscience Studies in Affective Disorders’ Section Editor, Maria Nobile MD, PhD.” Journal of Affective Disorders 263 (February 15, 2020): 739–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.010.

Newman, Jack. “How Breast Milk Protects Newborns.” KellyMom, 2018. https://kellymom.com/pregnancy/bf-prep/how_breastmilk_protects_newborns/.

Niemitz, Carsten, Maike Nibbrig, and Vanessa Zacher. “Human Ears Grow throughout the Entire Lifetime According to Complicated and Sexually Dimorphic Patterns–Conclusions from a Cross-Sectional Analysis.” Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht Uber Die Biologisch-Anthropologische Literatur 65, no. 4 (December 2007): 391–413.

Nishimura, Y., and T. Kumoi. “The Embryologic Development of the Human External Auditory Meatus. Preliminary Report.” Acta Oto-Laryngologica 112, no. 3 (1992): 496–503. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489209137431.

Nishitani, Shota, Tsunetake Miyamura, Masato Tagawa, Muneichiro Sumi, Ryuta Takase, Hirokazu Doi, Hiroyuki Moriuchi, and Kazuyuki Shinohara. “The Calming Effect of a Maternal Breast Milk Odor on the Human Newborn Infant.” Neuroscience Research 63, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2008.10.007.

Okado, Nobuo. “Onset of Synapse Formation in the Human Spinal Cord.” Journal of Comparative Neurology 201, no. 2 (1981): 211–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902010206.

Okai, T., S. Kozuma, N. Shinozuka, Y. Kuwabara, and M. Mizuno. “A Study on the Development of Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle in the Human Fetus.” Early Human Development, Advances in Perinatal Medicine Proceedings of the First International Congress of Perinatal Medicine, 29, no. 1 (June 1, 1992): 391–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3782(92)90198-P.

Omole, Adekunle Ebenezer, and Adegbenro Omotuyi John Fakoya. “Ten Years of Progress and Promise of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Historical Origins, Characteristics, Mechanisms, Limitations, and Potential Applications.” PeerJ 6 (2018): e4370. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4370.

Ong, Z. Y., and B. S. Muhlhausler. “Maternal ‘Junk-Food’ Feeding of Rat Dams Alters Food Choices and Development of the Mesolimbic Reward Pathway in the Offspring.” The FASEB Journal 25, no. 7 (2011): 2167–79. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.10-178392.

O’Rahilly, R, and F Mueller. Human Embryology and Teratology. 3rd ed. Wiley-Liss, 2001.

O’Rahilly, Ronan, and Fabiola Müller. “Significant Features in the Early Prenatal Development of the Human Brain.” Annals of Anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger: Official Organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft 190, no. 2 (2008): 105–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2008.01.001.

O’Shaughnessy, Peter J., Jean Philippe Antignac, Bruno Le Bizec, Marie-Line Morvan, Konstantin Svechnikov, Olle Söder, Iuliia Savchuk, et al. “Alternative (Backdoor) Androgen Production and Masculinization in the Human Fetus.” PLoS Biology 17, no. 2 (2019): e3000002. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000002.

Oster, Emily. Expecting Better: How to Fight the Pregnancy Establishment with Facts (London: Orion, 2013).

Palmeira, Patricia, Camila Quinello, Ana Lúcia Silveira-Lessa, Cláudia Augusta Zago, and Magda Carneiro-Sampaio. “IgG Placental Transfer in Healthy and Pathological Pregnancies.” Edited by Andres Salumets. Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2012 (October 1, 2011): 985646. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/985646.

Panning, Barbara. “X-Chromosome Inactivation: The Molecular Basis of Silencing.” Journal of Biology 7, no. 8 (October 27, 2008): 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/jbiol95.

Papaioannou, G. I., Syngelaki, A., Poon, L. C., Ross, J. A., & Nicolaides, K. H. (2010). Normal ranges of embryonic length, embryonic heart rate, gestational sac diameter and yolk sac diameter at 6–10 weeks. Fetal diagnosis and therapy, 28(4), 207-219. https://doi.org/10.1159/000319589.

Parma, Valentina, Romain Brasselet, Stefania Zoia, Maria Bulgheroni, and Umberto Castiello. “The Origin of Human Handedness and Its Role in Pre-Birth Motor Control.” Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 16804. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16827-y.

Partanen, Eino, Teija Kujala, Risto Näätänen, Auli Liitola, Anke Sambeth, and Minna Huotilainen. “Learning-Induced Neural Plasticity of Speech Processing before Birth.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 37 (September 10, 2013): 15145–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302159110.

Partanen, Eino, Teija Kujala, Mari Tervaniemi, and Minna Huotilainen. “Prenatal Music Exposure Induces Long-Term Neural Effects.” PLOS ONE 8, no. 10 (October 30, 2013): e78946. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078946.

Pickles, Andrew, Helen Sharp, Jennifer Hellier, and Jonathan Hill. “Prenatal Anxiety, Maternal Stroking in Infancy, and Symptoms of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders at 3.5 Years.” European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 26, no. 3 (2017): 325–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0886-6.

Pique-Regi, Roger, Roberto Romero, Adi L Tarca, Francesca Luca, Yi Xu, Adnan Alazizi, Yaozhu Leng, Chaur-Dong Hsu, and Nardhy Gomez-Lopez. “Does the Human Placenta Express the Canonical Cell Entry Mediators for SARS-CoV-2?” Edited by Stephen CJ Parker and Marianne E Bronner. ELife 9 (July 14, 2020): e58716. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.58716.

Poissonnet, C. M., A. R. Burdi, and S. M. Garn. “The Chronology of Adipose Tissue Appearance and Distribution in the Human Fetus.” Early Human Development 10, no. 1–2 (September 1984): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3782(84)90106-3.

Polin, Richard A., Waldemar A. Carlo, and Committee on Fetus And Newborn. “Surfactant Replacement Therapy for Preterm and Term Neonates With Respiratory Distress.” Pediatrics 133, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 156–63. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3443.

Pringle, K. C. “A Reassessment of Pregnancy Staging.” Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 3, no. 3 (1988): 173–84. https://doi.org/10.1159/000263352.

Revello, M. G., Tibaldi, C., Masuelli, G., Frisina, V., Sacchi, A., Furione, M., … & CCPE Study Group. (2015). Prevention of primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. EBioMedicine, 2(9), 1205-1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.08.003

Reynolds, Megan R. “Vital Signs: Update on Zika Virus–Associated Birth Defects and Evaluation of All U.S. Infants with Congenital Zika Virus Exposure — U.S. Zika Pregnancy Registry, 2016.” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 66 (2017). https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6613e1.

Rink, Britton D., and Mary E. Norton. “Screening for Fetal Aneuploidy.” Seminars in Perinatology, The Changing Paradigm of Perinatal screening for Birth Defects, 40, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2015.11.006.

Robinson, R. J., and J. P. Tizard. “The Central Nervous System in the Newborn.” British Medical Bulletin 22, no. 1 (January 1966): 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070436.

Rodkey, Elissa N., and Rebecca Pillai Riddell. “The Infancy of Infant Pain Research: The Experimental Origins of Infant Pain Denial.” The Journal of Pain: Official Journal of the American Pain Society 14, no. 4 (April 2013): 338–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2012.12.017.

Rosenfeld, Cheryl S. “Sex-Specific Placental Responses in Fetal Development.” Endocrinology 156, no. 10 (October 2015): 3422–34. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1227.

Ross, C., Boroviak, T.E. Origin and function of the yolk sac in primate embryogenesis. Nature Communications 11, 3760 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17575-w.

Russo, Fabiele Baldino, and Patricia Cristina Baleeiro Beltrão-Braga. “The Impact of Zika Virus in the Brain.” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Interdisciplinary approaches to the study of flavivirus, 492, no. 4 (October 28, 2017): 603–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.074.

Rutter, Michael. “Nature, Nurture, and Development: From Evangelism through Science toward Policy and Practice.” Child Development 73, no. 1 (2002): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00388.

Rysavy, Matthew A., Lei Li, Edward F. Bell, Abhik Das, Susan R. Hintz, Barbara J. Stoll, Betty R. Vohr, et al. “Between-Hospital Variation in Treatment and Outcomes in Extremely Preterm Infants.” New England Journal of Medicine 372, no. 19 (May 7, 2015): 1801–11. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1410689.

Sadler, Thomas W. Medical Embyrology. 14th ed., 2019.

Saffran, Jenny R., Ann Senghas, and John C. Trueswell. “The Acquisition of Language by Children.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, no. 23 (November 6, 2001): 12874–75. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.231498898.

Saito, Y., S. Aoyama, T. Kondo, R. Fukumoto, N. Konishi, K. Nakamura, M. Kobayashi, and T. Toshima. “Frontal Cerebral Blood Flow Change Associated with Infant-Directed Speech.” Archives of Disease in Childhood – Fetal and Neonatal Edition 92, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): F113–16. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2006.097949.

Salihagić Kadić, Aida, and Maja Predojević. “Fetal Neurophysiology According to Gestational Age.” Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Fetal Neurology: Volume 1, 17, no. 5 (October 1, 2012): 256–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2012.05.007.

Salomão, Solange Rios, Fabio Ejzenbaum, Adriana Berezovsky, Paula Yuri Sacai, and Josenilson Martins Pereira. “Age Norms for Monocular Grating Acuity Measured by Sweep-VEP in the First Three Years of Age.” Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 71, no. 4 (August 2008): 475–79. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27492008000400002.

Salomons, Tim V., Gian Domenico Iannetti, Meng Liang, and John N. Wood. “The ‘Pain Matrix’ in Pain-Free Individuals.” JAMA Neurology 73, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 755–56. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0653.

Sarnat, Harvey B., and Laura Flores-Sarnat. “Development of the Human Olfactory System.” Handbook of Clinical Neurology 164 (2019): 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63855-7.00003-4.

Satt, Brian James. “An Investigation into the Acoustical Induction of Intrauterine Learning.” PhD Thesis, California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, 1984.

Schaal, Benoist, Luc Marlier, and Robert Soussignan. “Human Foetuses Learn Odours from Their Pregnant Mother’s Diet.” Chemical Senses 25, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 729–37. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/25.6.729.

Sekulic, Slobodan, Ksenija Gebauer-Bukurov, Milan Cvijanovic, Aleksandar Kopitovic, Djordje Ilic, Djordje Petrovic, Ivan Capo, Ivana Pericin-Starcevic, Oliver Christ, and Anastasia Topalidou. “Appearance of Fetal Pain Could Be Associated with Maturation of the Mesodiencephalic Structures.” Journal of Pain Research 9 (2016): 1031. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S117959.

Senghas, A., and M. Coppola. “Children Creating Language: How Nicaraguan Sign Language Acquired a Spatial Grammar.” Psychological Science 12, no. 4 (July 2001): 323–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00359.

Shahar-Nissan, K., Pardo, J., Peled, O., Krause, I., Bilavsky, E., Wiznitzer, A., … & Amir, J. (2020). Valaciclovir to prevent vertical transmission of cytomegalovirus after maternal primary infection during pregnancy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 396(10253), 779-785. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31868-7

Shanes, Elisheva D, Leena B Mithal, Sebastian Otero, Hooman A Azad, Emily S Miller, and Jeffery A Goldstein. “Placental Pathology in COVID-19.” American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, no. 1 (June 8, 2020): 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa089.

Shatz, C J. “Emergence of Order in Visual System Development.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93, no. 2 (1996): 602–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.2.602.

Shimabukuro, Tom T., Shin Y. Kim, Tanya R. Myers, Pedro L. Moro, Titilope Oduyebo, Lakshmi Panagiotakopoulos, Paige L. Marquez, et al. “Preliminary Findings of MRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Persons.” New England Journal of Medicine 0, no. 0 (April 21, 2021): null. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2104983.

Singh, RK, M Sharma, A Tarannum, W Pet-Paul, and L Bernard. “A Case of Three Deltas in a Fingerprint.” J Forensic Res 9, no. 413 (2018): 2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000416.

Slater, Rebeccah, Anne Cantarella, Shiromi Gallella, Alan Worley, Stewart Boyd, Judith Meek, and Maria Fitzgerald. “Cortical Pain Responses in Human Infants.” Journal of Neuroscience 26, no. 14 (April 5, 2006): 3662–66. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0348-06.2006.

Steinberg, Laurence. “A Social Neuroscience Perspective on Adolescent Risk-Taking.” Developmental Review, no. 28 (2008): 78–106. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315096278-19.

Steiner, J.E. Taste and Development: The Genesis of Sweet Preference. National Institutes of Health, 1977.

Stoll, Barbara J., Nellie I. Hansen, Edward F. Bell, Michele C. Walsh, Waldemar A. Carlo, Seetha Shankaran, Abbot R. Laptook, et al. “Trends in Care Practices, Morbidity, and Mortality of Extremely Preterm Neonates, 1993-2012.” JAMA 314, no. 10 (September 8, 2015): 1039–51. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.10244.

Streri, Arlette, and Edouard Gentaz. “Cross-Modal Recognition of Shape from Hand to Eyes in Human Newborns.” Somatosensory & Motor Research 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/0899022031000083799.

Susanto, Nugroho Harry, Ann-Marie Malby Schoos, Marie Standl, Adrian J. Lowe, Shyamali C. Dharmage, Cecilie Svanes, Agus Salim, et al. “Environmental Grass Pollen Levels in Utero and at Birth and Cord Blood IgE: Analysis of Three Birth Cohorts.” Environment International 119 (October 1, 2018): 295–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.036.

Swamy, Geeta K, and R Phillips Heine. “Vaccinations for Pregnant Women.” Obstetrics and Gynecology 125, no. 1 (January 2015): 212–26. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000581.

Tabata, Takako, Matthew Petitt, Henry Puerta-Guardo, Daniela Michlmayr, Chunling Wang, June Fang-Hoover, Eva Harris, and Lenore Pereira. “Zika Virus Targets Different Primary Human Placental Cells, Suggesting Two Routes for Vertical Transmission.” Cell Host & Microbe 20, no. 2 (August 10, 2016): 155–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2016.07.002.

Tan C, M, J, Lewandowski A, J: The Transitional Heart: From Early Embryonic and Fetal Development to Neonatal Life. Fetal Diagn Ther 2020;47:373-386. doi: 10.1159/000501906.

Tawfik, Hatem A., Mohamed H. Abdulhafez, Yousef A. Fouad, and Jonathan J. Dutton. “Embryologic and Fetal Development of the Human Eyelid.” Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 32, no. 6 (November 2016): 407–14. https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000000702.

Tenenbaum, Elena J., David M. Sobel, Stephen J. Sheinkopf, Bertram F. Malle, James L. Morgan, and Rajesh J. Shah. “Attention to the Mouth and Gaze Following in Infancy Predict Language Development.” Journal of Child Language 42, no. 6 (2015): 1173–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000914000725.

Terenghi, G., Sundaresan, M., Moscoso, G. & Polak, J. M. Neuropeptides and a neuronal marker in cutaneous innervation during human foetal development. J. Comp. Neurol. 328, 595–603 (1993).

Tezuka, N, S Sato, H Kanasugi, and M Hiroi. “Embryonic Heart Rates: Development in Early First Trimester and Clinical Evaluation.” Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 32, no. 4 (1991): 210—212. https://doi.org/10.1159/000293033.

The American Pregnancy Association. “HCG Levels | The American Pregnancy Association.” American Pregnancy Association (blog), April 26, 2012. https://americanpregnancy.org/getting-pregnant/hcg-levels/.

Thomason, Moriah E., Maya T. Dassanayake, Stephen Shen, Yashwanth Katkuri, Mitchell Alexis, Amy L. Anderson, Lami Yeo, et al. “Cross-Hemispheric Functional Connectivity in the Human Fetal Brain.” Science Translational Medicine 5, no. 173 (February 20, 2013): 173ra–17324. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3004978.

Timor-Tritsch, I. E., D. B. Peisner, and S. Raju. “Sonoembryology: An Organ-Oriented Approach Using a High-Frequency Vaginal Probe.” Journal of Clinical Ultrasound: JCU 18, no. 4 (May 1990): 286–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcu.1870180412.

Tuokkola, J., P. Luukkainen, H. Tapanainen, M. Kaila, O. Vaarala, M. G. Kenward, L. J. Virta, et al. “Maternal Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation and Cow’s Milk Allergy in Offspring.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, no. 5 (May 2016): 554–59. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.223.

Tuulari, Jetro J., Noora M. Scheinin, Satu Lehtola, Harri Merisaari, Jani Saunavaara, Riitta Parkkola, Isac Sehlstedt, Linnea Karlsson, Hasse Karlsson, and Malin Björnsdotter. “Neural Correlates of Gentle Skin Stroking in Early Infancy.” Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Social Touch: A new vista for developmental cognitive neuroscience?, 35 (February 1, 2019): 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2017.10.004.

Urban Child Institute. “Baby’s Brain Begins Now: Conception to Age 3.” Accessed August 22, 2020. http://www.urbanchildinstitute.org/why-0-3/baby-and-brain.

Valman, H B, and J F Pearson. “What the Fetus Feels.” British Medical Journal 280, no. 6209 (1980): 233–34. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.280.6209.233.

Van Mieghem, T., Abbasi, N., Shinar, S., Keunen, J., Seaward, G., Windrim, R., & Ryan, G. (2021). Monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancies. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM, 100520.

Vanhatalo, Sampsa, and Onno van Nieuwenhuizen. “Fetal Pain?” Brain and Development 22, no. 3 (May 24, 2000): 145–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0387-7604(00)00089-9.

Varendi, H., R. H. Porter, and J. Winberg. “Attractiveness of Amniotic Fluid Odor: Evidence of Prenatal Olfactory Learning?” Acta Paediatrica 85, no. 10 (1996): 1223–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb18233.x.

Velde, Marc van de, and Frederik De Buck. “Fetal and Maternal Analgesia/Anesthesia for Fetal Procedures.” Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 31, no. 4 (2012): 201–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000338146.

Vivanti, Alexandre J., Christelle Vauloup-Fellous, Sophie Prevot, Veronique Zupan, Cecile Suffee, Jeremy Do Cao, Alexandra Benachi, and Daniele De Luca. “Transplacental Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.” Nature Communications 11, no. 1 (July 14, 2020): 3572. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17436-6.

Vyas, Julian, and Sailesh Kotecha. “Effects of Antenatal and Postnatal Corticosteroids on the Preterm Lung.” Archives of Disease in Childhood – Fetal and Neonatal Edition 77, no. 2 (September 1, 1997): F147–50. https://doi.org/10.1136/fn.77.2.F147.

Wang X and Pepling ME (2021) Regulation of Meiotic Prophase One in Mammalian Oocytes. Frontiers in Cell Developmental Biology, 9:667306. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.667306.

Ward, Cynthia D., and Robin Panneton Cooper. “A Lack of Evidence in 4-Month-Old Human Infants for Paternal Voice Preference.” Developmental Psychobiology 35, no. 1 (1999): 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199907)35:1<49::AID-DEV7>3.0.CO;2-3.

Webb, A. R., Heller, H. T., Benson, C. B., & Lahav, A. (2015). Mother’s voice and heartbeat sounds elicit auditory plasticity in the human brain before full gestation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences112(10), 3152-3157. https://doi-org.proxycu.wrlc.org/10.1073/pnas.1414924112.

Weinberger, Daniel R., Daniel J. Luchins, John Morihisa, and Richard Jed Wyatt. “Asymmetrical Volumes of the Right and Left Frontal and Occipital Regions of the Human Brain.” Annals of Neurology 11, no. 1 (1982): 97–100. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410110118.

Wen, Zhexing, Hongjun Song, and Guo-li Ming. “How Does Zika Virus Cause Microcephaly?” Genes & Development 31, no. 9 (May 1, 2017): 849–61. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.298216.117.

Wess, Jessica M., Amal Isaiah, Paul V. Watkins, and Patrick O. Kanold. “Subplate Neurons Are the First Cortical Neurons to Respond to Sensory Stimuli.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 47 (November 21, 2017): 12602. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710793114.

White-Traut, Rosemary C., Dorie Schwertz, Barbara McFarlin, and Joseph Kogan. “Salivary Cortisol and Behavioral State Responses of Healthy Newborn Infants to Tactile-Only and Multisensory Interventions.” Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00307.x.

Witt, M., and K. Reutter. “Embryonic and Early Fetal Development of Human Taste Buds: A Transmission Electron  Microscopical Study.” The Anatomical Record 246, no. 4 (December 1996): 507–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199612)246:4<507::AID-AR10>3.0.CO;2-S.

Wood, Justin N., and Elizabeth S. Spelke. “Infants’ Enumeration of Actions: Numerical Discrimination and Its Signature Limits.” Developmental Science 8, no. 2 (2005): 173–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00404.x.

Woodward, Sheila C. “The Transmission of Music into the Human Uterus and the Response to Music of the Human Fetus and Neonate.” PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/31933.

Yamagami K et al., Preimplantation embryo-secreted factors modulate maternal gene expression in rat uterus, Cell and Tissue Research volume 364, pages 453–463 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-015-2336-z

Yang S, Zhou J, Li D. Functions and Diseases of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Front Pharmacol. 2021 Jul 28;12:727870. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.727870

Young, Gregory S., Noah Merin, Sally J. Rogers, and Sally Ozonoff. “Gaze Behavior and Affect at 6-Months: Predicting Clinical Outcomes and Language Development in Typically Developing Infants and Infants At-Risk for Autism.” Developmental Science 12, no. 5 (September 2009): 798–814. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00833.x.

Zangl, Renate, and Debra L. Mills. “Increased Brain Activity to Infant-Directed Speech in 6- and 13-Month-Old Infants.” Infancy 11, no. 1 (2007): 31–62. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327078in1101_2.

Zeng, Lingkong, Shiwen Xia, Wenhao Yuan, Kai Yan, Feifan Xiao, Jianbo Shao, and Wenhao Zhou. “Neonatal Early-Onset Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in 33 Neonates Born to Mothers With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China.” JAMA Pediatrics 174, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 722–25. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0878.

Zhang, S., Lin, H., Kong, S., Wang, S., Wang, H., Wang, H., & Armant, D. R. (2013). Physiological and molecular determinants of embryo implantation. Molecular aspects of medicine34(5), 939–980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2012.12.011

Zoetis, Tracey, Melissa S. Tassinari, Cedo Bagi, Karen Walthall, and Mark E. Hurtt. “Species Comparison of Postnatal Bone Growth and Development.” Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology 68, no. 2 (2003): 86–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrb.10012.