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Charlotte Lozier Institute

Phone: 202-223-8073
Fax: 571-312-0544

2776 S. Arlington Mill Dr.
#803
Arlington, VA 22206

ResearchStem Cells & BioethicsFetal Tissue, Stem Cells & Bioethics

Update: COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates and Abortion-Derived Cell Lines

To view this chart as a PDF, see: COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates and Abortion-Derived Cell Lines

 

Updated June 2, 2021

 

Accurate information about the development and production of COVID-19 vaccines is essential, especially because many proposed candidates use newer molecular technologies for production of a viral vaccine. One concern regarding the ethical assessment of viral vaccine candidates is the potential use of abortion-derived cell lines in the development, production or testing of a vaccine. This analysis utilizes data from the primary scientific literature when available, along with data from clinical trial documents, reputable vaccine tracking websites, and published commercial information.1 It is the hope that by providing accurate data, recipients can make well-informed decisions regarding vaccine choices.

 

For additional background and guidance, please see:

* A Visual Aid to Viral Infection and Vaccine Production for a visual primer on the various strategies for viral vaccine production.

* COVID-19 Vaccines & Fetal Cell Lines for an infographic description of how fetal cell lines are sometimes used to produce vaccines.

 

Flow Chart for Creation and Testing of Vaccines

 width= Design & Development: conceptualization, preparatory experiments, and specification for how vaccine will be constructed and produced.

 

Production: process used to manufacture final vaccine to be given to people.

 

Confirmatory Lab Tests on Product: tests to analyze quality, nucleic acid or protein sequence, protein conformation, antibody reactivity, etc. of final vaccine product.

 

Vaccination: giving final produced vaccine to people.

 

 

 

Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccine Candidates

Last Updated 2 June 2021

 

DOES NOT USE abortion-derived cell line

 

 

 

DOES USE abortion-derived cell line

 

 

SOME tests DO NOT use abortion-derived cells, SOME DO.

 

Currently undetermined

Sponsor(s)1 Country Strategy2 Clinical Trial Status3 Public Funding4 Design & Development Production Confirm-atory
Lab Tests
WHOLE VIRUS VACCINE – LIVE ATTENUATED or INACTIVATED
Beijing Institute of Biological Products/ Sinopharm China Inactivated virus

“BBIBP-CorV”

Given: Intramuscular

2 doses (3 weeks apart)

WHO granted Emergency Use Listing (EUL) 7May2021 Early approval in China

Phase 3
Phase 3


Vero monkey cells

Wang et al., Cell 182, P713, 6Aug2020

 


Vero monkey cells

Wang et al., Cell 182, P713, 6Aug2020

 


Cytopathic test Vero monkey cells

Wang et al., Cell 182, P713, 6Aug2020

Wuhan Institute of Biological Products/ Sinopharm China Inactivated virus

“New Crown COVID-19”

Given: Intramuscular

2 doses (3 weeks apart)

Phase 3
Phase 3
Phase 3
Early approval in China
Phase 1/2

Vero monkey cells
Xia et al., JAMA 324, 951, 13Aug2020

Vero monkey cells

Xia et al., JAMA 324, 951, 13Aug2020


Plaque reduction neutralization test Vero monkey cells
Xia et al., JAMA 324, 951, 13Aug2020
Bharat Biotech/Indian Council of Medical Research India Inactivated virus
“BBV152”
Given: Intramuscular
2 doses (2 weeks apart)
India EUA granted

Phase 3
Phase 3
Phase 1/2
Phase 1/2
Phase 1/2


Vero monkey cells

Yadav et al., ResearchSquare 10Sept2020


Vero monkey cells

Yadav et al., ResearchSquare 10Sept2020


Antibody ELISA Plaque reduction Vero monkey cells
Yadav et al., ResearchSquare 10Sept2020
Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences China Inactivated virus
“SARS-CoV-2 vaccine”
Given: Intramuscular
2 doses (2 weeks apart)
Phase 3
Phase 1/2
Phase 1/2

Vero monkey cells

Pu et al., medRxiv, 6Oct2020


Vero monkey cells

Pu et al., medRxiv, 6Oct2020


Antibody ELISA Neutralizing antibody cytopathic effect Vero monkey cells
Pu et al., medRxiv, 6Oct2020
Supplement
John Paul II Medical Research Institute USA Live attenuated virus

 

Pre-clinical
Ethical cell lines as a matter of policy

Perinatal human cells (term umbilical cord and placental)
Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems Kazakhstan Inactivated virus

“QazCovid-in”

Given: Intramuscular

2 doses (3 weeks apart)

Phase 3
Phase 1/2
Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd. China Inactivated virus

“CoronaVac”

Given: Intramuscular

2 doses (2 weeks apart)

 
WHO granted Emergency Use Listing (EUL) 1June2021
Phase 4
China granted conditional marketing authorization 8Feb2021
Chile, Brazil, Turkey, Indonesia EUA granted

Phase 3
Early approval in China
Phase 3
Phase 1/2
Phase 1/2
Phase 1/2


Vero monkey cells

 


Vero monkey cells

Gao et al., Science 369, 77, 3July2020


protein test HEK293 cells
Supplement Gao et al., Science 369, 77, 3July2020
Valneva and Dynavax France
USA
UK
Inactivated Virus
“VLA2001”
plus adjuvant CpG1018
Given: Intramuscular
2 doses (3 weeks apart)
Phase 3
Phase 1/2

Vero monkey cells  

Vero monkey cells
Same platform as IXIARO, Valneva press release, 22April2020

Valneva COVID-19 – VLA2001

VIRAL VECTOR-BASED VACCINE
Altimmune USA Replication-deficient Adenovirus vector “AdCOVID” Given: Intranasal 1-2 doses Phase 1/2
PER.C6 cells

PER.C6 cells

Same platform as NasoVAX

NasoVAX uses PER.C6

Licensed PER.C6 from Janssen

AstraZeneca

University of Oxford

 

USA

UK

Replication-deficient

Adenovirus vector

“AZD1222”

“ChAdOX1nCoV-19”

Given: Intramuscular

2 doses (4 weeks apart)

WHO granted Emergency Use Listing (EUL) on 15Feb2021

UK EUA granted

India EUA granted

Phase 3
Phase 3
Phase 3
Phase 3
Phase 2/3
Phase 2/3
Phase 1/2
Phase 1/2

Operation Warp Speed

HHS-BARDA

$1.2 Billion

CEPI up to $384 Million


HEK293 cells

HEK293 cells
van Doremalen et al., Nature, 30July2020

HEK293 cellsvan Doremalen et al., Nature, 30July2020
MRC-5 cells
Almuqrin et al., ResearchSquare 20Oct2020
CanSino Biologics, Inc.

Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, PLA of China

China Replication-deficient

Adenovirus vector

“Ad5-nCoV”

Given: Intramuscular

1 dose

EUA in Chile, Hungary, Pakistan, Mexico
Phase 3
Phase 3
Phase 2
Phase 2
Phase 2
Phase 1
Phase 1

HEK293 cells

HEK293 cells

Biospace, 12May2020

Gamaleya Research Institute Russia Replication-deficient

Adenovirus vectors

(rAd26-S+rAd5-S)

“Gam-COVID-Vac”

“Sputnik V”

Given: Intramuscular

2 doses (3 weeks apart)

Phase 3
Phase 3
EUA in 39 countries as of Mar2021
Early approval in Russia August 2020
Phase 1/2
Phase 1/2

HEK293 cells

HEK293 cells
Gamaleya has not published details on this vaccine, but has posted information on use of cell lines for their other adenoviral vaccines
ImmunityBio and NantKwest USA Replication-deficient Adenovirus vector recombinant “hAd5 S-Fusion + N-ETSD” Given: Subcutaneous Phase 1/2
Phase 1/2
Phase 1
Phase 1
Phase 1

E.C7 cells (derivative of HEK293 cells)
Rice et al., bioRxiv 30July2020

E.C7 cells (derivative of HEK293 cells)
Rice et al., bioRxiv 30July2020

Protein and antibody tests HEK293T cells
Rice et al., bioRxiv 30July2020
Seiling et al., medRxiv 6Nov2020
Institut Pasteur and Themis and Merck USA

France

Replication-competent recombinant measles virus “TMV-083” Given: Intramuscular Development Discontinued
Phase 1/2Phase 1
CEPI up to $4.9 Million
HEK293T Development and rescue of recombinant measles virus
Hörner et al., PNAS 22Dec2020
Hörner et al. Supplement

“SARS-CoV-2 S-encoding vaccine candidates… were generated as described previously


Vero monkey cells
Hörner et al., PNAS 22Dec2020

Hörner et al. Supplement



Lentiviral vectors for antigenic DCFusogenic testHEK293TFusogenic testS protein expressionVero monkey cellsHörner et al., PNAS 22Dec2020Hörner et al. Supplement
Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR) Israel Replication-competent recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVΔG) “IIBR-100” Given: Intramuscular1 dose Phase 1/2

BHK hamster cells Vero monkey cells
Yahalom-Ronen et al., bioRxiv 19June2020

Vero monkey cells
Yahalom-Ronen et al., bioRxiv 19June2020


Plaque reduction; immunofluorescence Vero monkey cells
Yahalom-Ronen et al., bioRxiv 19June2020
Janssen Research & Development, Inc.

Johnson & Johnson

USA Replication-deficient Adenovirus vector “Ad26.COV2-S” Given: Intramuscular 1 dose (some trials use 2 doses, 8 weeks apart) FDA Emergency Use Authorization Approved

Phase 3
Phase 3
Phase 1/2

Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $1,457,887,081 total
PER.C6 cells

PER.C6 cells

Tostanoski et al., Nature Medicine, 3Sept2020;
J&J, 30March2020;
Janssen Vaccine Technologies

Laboratorio Avi-Mex Mexico Live recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing spike-fusion chimeric protein “Patria” Given: Intramuscular or Intranasal Phase 1 Bacterial cells BSRT7 hamster cells

Per Sun et al., Vaccines 17Dec2020

Chicken eggs
Per Sun et al., Vaccines 17Dec2020

Neutralization Assay Vero monkey cells
Per Sun et al., Vaccines 17Dec2020
Meissa Vaccines, Inc. USA Live attenuated recombinant RSV viral vector “MV-014-210” Given: Intranasal 1-3 doses (5 weeks apart) Phase 1
Vero monkey cells Spike expressing,

Based on recombinant RSV platform

Rega Institute, KU Leuven Belgium Replication-competent attenuated yellow fever vaccine (YF17D) vector “YF-S0” Given: Intramuscular dose Pre-clinical
BHK-21J hamster cells
Sanchez-Felipe et al., Nature, 1Dec2020

BHK-21J hamster cells
Sanchez-Felipe et al., Nature, 1Dec2020

Antibody titer seudovirus HEK293T cells Immunoblot BHK-21J hamster cells
Sanchez-Felipe et al., Nature, 1Dec2020
ReiThera Italy Replication-deficient simian adenovirus encoding S “GRAd COV2” Given: Intramuscular 1 dose Phase 2/3

Phase 1


HEK293T cells Development and rescue of recombinant

Capone et al., bioRxiv 22Oct2020


HEK293T cells
Capone et al., bioRxiv 22Oct2020
HEK293T cells
Capone et al., bioRxiv 22Oct2020
Merck and IAVI USA Replication-competent recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVΔG) “V590” Given: Intramuscular Development Discontinued
Phase 1
Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $38,033,570
Vero monkey cells

Vero monkey cells

Use rVSV Ervebo platform

Ervebo uses Vero cell culture-11 Description

Shenzhen Geno-immune

Medical Institute

China Lentivirus minigenes +

Adult human APC (antigen-presenting cells)

“COVID-19/aAPC”

Given: Subcutaneous

3 doses (2 weeks apart)

Phase 1
Shenzhen Geno-immune

Medical Institute

China Lentivirus minigenes +

Adult human CD/T cells (dendritic cells and T cells)

“LV-SMENP-DC”

Given: Subcutaneous and Intravenous

1 dose

Phase 1/2
Vaxart USA Replication-deficient

Adenovirus vector

“VXA-CoV2-1”

plus dsRNA adjuvant

Given: Oral

2 doses (4 weeks apart)

Phase 1
HEK293 cells

HEK293 cells
Moore et al., bioRxiv 6Sept2020
PROTEIN-BASED VACCINE
Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences China Protein vaccine

Recombinant RBD dimer

plus adjuvant

”ZF2001”

Given: Intramuscular

2 or 3 doses (28 days apart)

Phase 3

Phase 2

Phase 1/2

Phase 1


HEK293T cells
Dai et al., Cell 6Aug2020

CHO hamster cells
Dai et al., Cell 6Aug2020

Pseudovirus HEK293T cells
Dai et al., Cell 6Aug2020
Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. China Protein vaccine “SCB-2019” plus adjuvant CpG 1018 Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart) Phase 2/3

Phase 1

CEPI up to $69.5 Million
cDNA in expression vector; transfect CHO hamster cells
Liang et al., bioRxiv, 24Sept2020
Trimer-Tag system;
Liu et al., Scientific Reports 2017

CHO hamster cells
Trimer-Tag system;
Liu et al., Scientific Reports 2017

PseudovirusHEK293 cellsRef’d: Nie et al., Emerging Microbes & Infections 24Mar2020Cytopathic effect Vero monkey cellsLiang et al., bioRxiv, 24Sept2020
COVAXX and United Biomedical USA
Taiwan
Protein vaccine “UB-612” S1-RBD-protein; Multitope Peptide-Based Vaccine (MVP) Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (4 weeks apart) Phase 2/3

Phase 1


cDNA in expression vector; transfect CHO hamster cells
Guirakhoo et al., bioRxiv, 30Nov2020

CHO hamster cells
Guirakhoo et al., bioRxiv, 30Nov2020

Antibody blocked binding to hACE2 HEK293
Guirakhoo et al., bioRxiv, 30Nov2020
Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vektor” Russia Protein vaccine “EpiVacCorona” chemically synthesized peptide antigens of SARS-CoV-2, conjugated to a carrier protein adsorbed on an aluminum-containing adjuvant
Given: Intramuscular2 doses (3 weeks apart)
Phase 3
Early approval in Russia Oct 2020
Phase 1/2

chemically synthesized peptide antigens
Instituto Finlay de Vacunas Cuba Protein vaccine “Finlay-FR-1” (“Soberana 01”) Receptor-binding domain (RBD) SARS-CoV-2 spike + adjuvant Given: Intramuscular2 doses (4 weeks apart) Phase 1/2
Phase 1

RBD produced in mammalian cells
Garcia-Rivera, MEDICC Review, 30Oct2020

RBD produced in mammalian cells
Garcia-Rivera, MEDICC Review, 30Oct2020
Instituto Finlay de Vacunas Cuba Protein vaccine “Finlay-FR-2” (“Soberana 02”) Receptor-binding domain (RBD) SARS-CoV-2 spike chemically bound tetanus toxoid + adjuvant Given: Intramuscular2 doses (4 weeks apart) Phase 2
Phase 1

RBD produced in mammalian cells
Garcia-Rivera, MEDICC Review, 30Oct2020

RBD produced in mammalian cells
Garcia-Rivera, MEDICC Review, 30Oct2020
John Paul II Medical Research Institute USA Recombinant Protein

Perinatal human cells (term umbilical cord and placental)

Pre-clinical
Ethical cell lines as a matter of policy

Perinatal human cells (term umbilical cord and placental)
Kentucky BioProcessing, Inc.
(British American Tobacco)
USA Protein vaccine
“KBP-201”
Plant-expressed RBD
Given: Intramuscular2 doses (3 weeks apart)
Phase 1/2
Recombinant DNA sequence for RBD of SARS-CoV-2

Plant expression of RBD peptide
Medicago Canada Protein on Virus-Like Particle “CoVLP” Plant-expressed spike protein particle with adjuvant, CpG1018 or AS03 Given: Intramuscular
2 doses (3 weeks apart)
Phase 2/3

Phase 2
Phase 1


Recombinant DNA sequence in Agrobacterium, transformation of plant cells

Plant expression of protein and VLP
Ward et al., medRxiv 6Nov2020

Pseudovirus HEK293 cells
Ward et al., medRxiv 6Nov2020
Migal Galilee Research Institute Israel Protein vaccine

E. coli expressed chimeric S and N proteins

Given: Oral

Pre-clinical
Bacterial production system
MigVax’s corona subunit vaccine
Novavax USA Protein vaccine “NVX-CoV2373” Baculovirus expression plus Matrix M adjuvant Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart) Phase 3
Phase 3
Phase 2
Phase 1
Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $1,600,434,523 CEPI up to $388 Million
Sf9 insect cells
Bangaru et al., Science, 27Nov2020
Bangaru et al., Supplement
Bangaru et al., bioRxiv preprint, 6Aug2020;Graphical view

Pseudovirus HEK293 cells
Bangaru et al., Science, 27Nov2020
Bangaru et al., Supplement
Bangaru et al., bioRxiv preprint, 6Aug2020
Sanofi and GSK Protein Sciences   USA
France
Protein vaccine Baculovirus expression plus AS03 adjuvant Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart) Phase 3
Phase 2
Phase 1/2
Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $2,072,775,336 total
Recombinant baculovirus
Francica et al., bioRxiv 2Mar2021

Sf9 insect cells
Francica et al., bioRxiv 2Mar2021
Baculovirus expressed recombinant protein

Pseudovirus HEK293T cells

Francica et al., bioRxiv 2Mar2021

Sorrento USA Protein vaccine

“T-VIVA-19”

SARS-Cov-2 spike protein S1 domain fused with human IgG-Fc

Given: Intramuscular

Pre-clinical
CHO cells
Herrmann et al., bioRxiv preprint, 30June2020

Antibody ELISA; Neutralization assays Vero monkey cells
Herrmann et al., bioRxiv preprint, 30June2020
Sorrento USA Protein vaccine “STI-6991” SARS-Cov-2 spike protein expressed on K562 cells Pre-clinical
K562 cells
Concept: Ji et al., Medicine in Drug Discovery March2020
University of Pittsburgh USA Protein vaccine Adenovirus-expressed recombinant proteins “PittCoVacc” Given: Microneedle arrays Pre-clinical
HEK293 cells

HEK293 cells

Kim et al., EBioMedicine , 2April2020

University of Queensland and CSL Ltd. Australia Protein vaccine “V451” Recombinant protein with proprietary molecular clamp Given: Intramuscular HALTED
Phase 1
Phase 1
Phase 1
CEPI up to $4.5 Million
expiCHO hamster cells

 

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) / U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command USA Protein vaccine ”SpFN”
Spike-Ferritin nanoparticle with ALFQ adjuvant
Given: Intramuscular
2-3 doses (4 weeks apart; plus 6 months after initial injection)
Phase 1
Expi293 cells
Carmen et al., bioRxiv 28April2021

Expi293 cells
Carmen et al., bioRxiv 28April2021

Pseudovirus
HEK293
cells Virus neutralization
Vero monkey cells
Joyce et al., bioRxiv 25Mar2021
Supplement
RNA VACCINE
Arcturus Therapeutics USA mRNA vaccine

self-transcribing, replicating

“LUNAR-CoV19” (“ARCT-021”)

in vitro transcription reaction with T7 RNA polymerase from STARR plasmid template

LUNAR proprietary lipid nanoparticle encapsulated

Given: Intramuscular

1 dose

Phase 2

Phase 2

 

Phase 1/2


Sequence designed on computer

No cells used
de Alwis et al., bioRxiv 3Sept2020

protein test
HEK293
Protein expression
Hep3b cells
Plaque reduction neutralization
Vero monkey cells
de Alwis et al., bioRxiv 3Sept2020
CureVac Germany mRNA vaccine
non-replicating
“CVnCoV”
in vitro transcription
lipid nanoparticle encapsulated
Given: Intramuscular
2 doses (4 weeks apart)
Phase 3
Phase 2/3
Phase 2
Phase 1
CEPI up to $15.3 Million
Sequence designed on computer

No cells used
Rauch et al., bioRxiv 9Feb2021

Protein test
Reticulocyte lysate,
HeLa cells
Rauch et al., bioRxiv 9Feb2021
Imperial College London UK mRNA vaccine
Self-amplifying
”LNP-nCoVsaRNA”
in vitro transcription
lipid nanoparticle encapsulated
Given: Intramuscular
2 doses
Phase 1
Expression plasmid
HEK293 cells
McKay et al., bioRxiv 25April2021

No cells used

McKay et al., bioRxiv 25April2021


Pseudovirus
HEK293T cells
McKay et al., bioRxiv 25April2021
Moderna, Inc.

with National Institutes of Health

USA mRNA vaccine

non-replicating

“mRNA-1273”

T7 RNA polymerase-mediated transcription from DNA plasmid template

LNP (lipid nanoparticle) encapsulated

Given: Intramuscular

2 doses (4 weeks apart)

FDA Emergency Use Authorization Approved

Phase 3

Phase 2

Phase 1

Operation Warp Speed

HHS-BARDA

$2,479,894,979 total

CEPI up to $1 Million


Sequence designed on computer

No cells used

Corbett et al., Nature , 5Aug2020


protein test
& pseudovirus
HEK293 cells
Plaque reduction neutralization
Vero monkey cells
Corbett et al., Nature , 5Aug2020
Pfizer and BioNTech USA

Germany

mRNA vaccine

non-replicating

“BNT-162a1,b1,b2,b3,c2”

nucleoside-modified mRNA in vitro transcribed by T7 polymerase from a plasmid DNA template

LNP (lipid nanoparticle) encapsulated

Given: Intramuscular

2 doses (3 weeks apart)

FDA Emergency Use Authorization Approved

UK EUA granted

Phase 2/3

Phase 1/2

Phase 1/2

Phase 1

Phase 1

 

Operation Warp Speed

HHS-BARDA

$1.95 Billion


Sequence designed on computer

No cells used

Vogel et al., bioRxiv 8Sept2020


protein test

& pseudovirus

HEK293 cells

Neutralization assay

Vero monkey cells

Vogel et al., bioRxiv 8Sept2020

Providence Therapeutics Canada mRNA vaccine

“PTX-COVID19-B”

mRNA in vitro transcription from plasmid template using T7 RNA polymerase
LNP (lipid nanoparticle) encapsulated

Given: Intramuscular

2 doses (4 weeks apart)

Phase 1
HEK293T cells used to select mRNA candidate

Liu et al., bioRxiv 12May2021


No cells used

Cision, 5Aug2020
Providence Therapeutics

Liu et al., bioRxiv 12May2021

Pseudovirus, serum neutralization

HEK293T cells

Vero monkey cells

Liu et al., bioRxiv 12May2021

Sanofi Pasteur and

Translate Bio

USA

France

mRNA vaccine

non-replicating

“MRT5500”

synthesized by in vitro transcription employing RNA polymerase with a plasmid DNA template

LNP (lipid nanoparticle) encapsulated

Given: Intramuscular

2 doses (3 weeks apart)

Phase 1/2
HEK293T cells used to select mRNA candidate

Kalnin et al., npj Vaccines 19Apr2021


No cells used
Kalnin et al., npj Vaccines 19Apr2021
Kalnin et al., bioRxiv 14Oct2020
mRNA production in the lab ;
Translate Bio scientific platform

protein test

& pseudovirus

HEK293 cells

Kalnin et al., npj Vaccines 19Apr2021

Kalnin et al., bioRxiv 14Oct2020

DNA VACCINE
Genexine Korea DNA vaccine

“GX-19”

DNA synthesized in vitro, placed in plasmid vector

Given: Intramuscular and Electroporation

2 doses (4 weeks apart)

Phase 1/2

Phase 1/2


Sequence designed on computer

No cells used

Seo et al., Vaccines 24March2021


No cells used

Seo et al., Vaccines 24March2021

Inovio Pharmaceuticals USA DNA vaccine

“INO-4800”

DNA synthesized in vitro, placed in plasmid vector

Given: Intradermal Electroporation

2 doses (4 weeks apart)

Phase 2/3

Phase 2

Phase 1/2

Phase 1

Operation Warp Speed

CEPI up to $22.5 Million


Sequence designed on computer

No cells used

Smith et al., Nature 20May2020


protein test

& pseudovirus

HEK293 cells

Smith et al., Nature 20May2020

Osaka University, AnGes, Takara Bio Japan DNA vaccine

“AG0301-COVID19”
“AG0302-COVID19”
Chemically synthesized plasmid vector grown in E. coli
Pressure injector
Given: Intramuscular

2 doses (2 weeks apart)

Phase 2/3

Phase 1/2

Phase 1/2


Sequence designed on computer

No cells used
E. coli</em
Nishikawa et al., bioRxiv, 14Jan2021

Virus neutralization

Vero E6 cells monkey cells
Nishikawa et al., bioRxiv, 14Jan2021

Symvivo Corporation Canada DNA vaccine

“bacTRL-spike”
Genetically engineered Bifidobacterium longum

Given: Oral, bacteria bind to gut lining

1 dose

Phase 1
No cells used
Zydus Cadila India DNA vaccine

“ZyCov-D”
Chemically synthesized plasmid vector grown in E. coli
Given: Intramuscular

3 doses (4 weeks apart)

Phase 3

Phase 1/2


Sequence designed on computer

No eukaryotic cells used
E. coli</em
Dey et al., bioRxiv, 26Jan2021

Expression analysis
Plaque reduction
Vero cells monkey cells
Dey et al., bioRxiv, 26Jan2021
Yadav et al., bioRxiv, 3Feb2021

 

  1. Data accumulated from primary literature as referenced in the Chart; AND “COVID-19 Treatment and Vaccine Tracker,” Milken Institute, https://covid-19tracker.milkeninstitute.org/ ; AND “Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines,” World Health Organization (WHO), https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines
    NOTE that patents are not considered because they are unreliable sources; even the most relevant patents are prospective documents that provide examples of potential use, but do not provide information about actual, current application of an invention or technology.
  2. Prentice, DA and Sander Lee, T. June 15, 2020. A Visual Aid to Viral Infection and Vaccine Production. On Science Series 1. Accessed 19 June 2020 at: https://lozierinstitute.org/a-visual-aid-to-viral-infection-and-vaccine-production/
  3. Phases of Clinical Trials: Pre-clinical- laboratory and animal studies; Phase I- 10-100 people, study safety and dosage; Phase II- tens to hundreds of people, study efficacy, dosage, side effects; Phase III- hundreds to thousands of people, study efficacy and adverse reactions.
  4. HHS-BARDA = U.S. Health and Human Services-Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; CEPI = Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness Innovations; BARDA’s rapidly-expanding COVID-19 medical countermeasure portfolio. Accessed 29 Sept 2020 at https://www.medicalcountermeasures.gov/app/barda/coronavirus/COVID19.aspx; CEPI’s COVID-19 Vaccine Portfolio, Accessed 29 Sept 2020 at https://cepi.net/COVAX/

 

DISCLAIMER: THIS WEBSITE DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE

 

The information, including but not limited to, text, graphics, images and other material contained on this website are for educational purposes only. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.

 

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