Fact Sheet: Questions and Answers on Born-Alive Abortion Survivors

Updated December 2024

Do Late-Term Abortions Really Happen in the U.S.?

Yes. The definition of a late-term abortion is imprecise and shifting.^[1] The gestational age at which an unborn child can survive^[2] outside the womb, with medical support, is decreasing, with babies surviving at 22 weeks gestation and even slightly earlier.^[3] Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates that roughly 1% of all U.S. abortions are carried out at or after 21 weeks of gestation^[4] – as many as 10,000 late-term abortions per year.^[5] The true total may be even higher because several states that allow abortion through all nine months of pregnancy do not share data with the CDC.^[6]

Although many states have enacted pro-life protections early in pregnancy, late-term abortions are perfectly legal in much of the United States. Nine states plus the District of Columbia place no limits on how late an abortion will be performed, while several other states have passed extreme ballot amendments that will allow abortion throughout pregnancy.^[7] Additionally, many state abortion laws adhere to the standard of Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton, which required a “health exception” all the way to birth.^[8] This exception, spelled out in the Doe v. Bolton ruling, defines “health” as including mental health, financial concerns, and familial circumstances – in short, abortion on demand.^[9] The United States is one of just a handful of nations around the world – including China – to allow elective abortion after 20 weeks of pregnancy.^[10]

Aren’t Late-Term Abortions Only Performed When the Baby Can’t Survive Anyway?

While some late-term abortions are performed because the unborn baby is diagnosed with a serious prenatal condition, many others are performed on healthy moms and healthy babies. Recent research on women seeking abortions in the third trimester shows that many women undergoing late-term abortions are doing so for the same reasons as women who get abortions earlier in pregnancy.^[11] Similarly, another study published in 2013 found that women undergoing late-term abortions offered the same reasons as their counterparts who were seeking earlier abortions.^[12] Although the study did not include women undergoing abortions due to fetal anomaly or risk to their own lives, the study does serve as evidence that many second-trimester abortions are performed on healthy moms and healthy babies. Abortion centers across the country offer abortion for any reason late into the second and third trimesters,^[13] with research published by a prolific late-term abortion provider showing that abortions performed due to an abnormality in the baby made up a minority of all late-term abortions performed at his practice.^[14] Many late-term abortions are performed on healthy babies who could survive outside the womb with proper care. Furthermore, when unborn babies with prenatal conditions are given appropriate, individualized medical care, they can defy expectations.^[15] All babies deserve the chance to be born.

Are Abortion Survivors a Myth Made Up by Pro-Life Politicians?

Frequently, the unborn baby is killed at the start of a late-term abortion procedure, primarily through the administration of a lethal injection into the amniotic sac or baby’s head or heart or severing the umbilical cord so that the unborn child will bleed to death. However, 69% of late-term abortionists report that they do not induce fetal demise before beginning the abortion, and not all methods are equally effective.^[16]

The survival of a baby intended for abortion creates a host of potential legal and medical problems for the abortion practitioner. A watershed article that appeared in the Philadelphia Inquirer in 1981 referred to the survival of a baby after abortion as the “dreaded complication.”^[17] The Inquirer article quoted Dr. Willard Cates, then-director of abortion surveillance at the CDC, as estimating “that 400 to 500 abortion live births” occurred every year in the United States. These numbers “are little known,” the article stated, “because organized medicine, from fear of public clamor and legal action, treats them more as an embarrassment to be hushed up than a problem to be solved.” The numbers were also likely low. Cates added, “It’s like turning yourself in to the IRS for an audit. What is there to gain? The tendency is not to report because there are only negative incentives.”

In the years since Dr. Cates’ admission, more recent testimony to the accidental birth of babies during abortions has come to light, acknowledged by abortion providers, alluded to by abortion advocates, reported by a handful of states, and sometimes shared by the survivors themselves.

• In an undercover video released in April 2013, a D.C. abortionist admitted he would not intervene to save an abortion survivor.^[18] When asked about a baby being born alive during an attempted abortion, he said, “usually, at this point in your pregnancy, it’s too early to survive, usually.  It will expire shortly after birth…it’s all in how vigorously you do things to help a fetus survive at this point.” Later he said, “we would not help it [the baby].  Let’s say. We wouldn’t—we wouldn’t—uh, intubate, let’s say.” This same abortionist was responsible for the deaths of the “DC 5,” five babies killed during late-term abortions whose bodies were discovered by pro-life advocates. Their bodies have yet to undergo autopsies to determine whether illegal methods were used, or even if the babies were born alive.^[19]

• In another undercover video released in March 2017, a former Planned Parenthood medical director said that in order to determine whether to provide medical intervention for these babies, “You need to pay attention to who’s in the room.”^[20]

• A Planned Parenthood lobbyist in 2013 opposed the Infants Born Alive Act in Florida, saying, “We believe that, you know, any decision that’s made should be left up to the woman, her family, and the physician.”^[21] Abortion advocates leapt to the lobbyist’s defense, targeting the Infants Born Alive Act’s “fundamentally flawed assumption that this type of situation is a real risk” and asserting that born-alive infants were “incredibly unlikely.”^[22] However, since 2013 when the Act was signed into law, 66 babies have been born alive during abortions in Florida.^[23]

• In a 2019 interview with WTOP in Washington, D.C., in which he endorsed a permissive late-term abortion bill, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam dismissed concerns about abortions performed while a woman is giving birth, explaining, “The infant would be delivered; the infant would be kept comfortable; the infant would be resuscitated if that’s what the mother and the family desire, and then a discussion would ensue between the physicians and the mother.”^[24]

• Abortion survivor Melissa Ohden testified to the House Judiciary Committee in 2015, “You wouldn’t know it by looking at me today, but in August of 1977, I survived a failed saline infusion abortion…. I know where children like me were left to die at St. Luke’s Hospital—a utility closet. In 2014, I met a nurse who assisted in a saline infusion abortion there in 1976, and delivered a living baby boy. After he was delivered alive, she followed her superior’s orders and placed him in the utility closet in a bucket of formaldehyde to be picked up later as medical waste after he died there, alone.”^[25]

• Gianna Jessen, another adult survivor of abortion, also testified to the House Judiciary Committee in 2015, stating, “I was delivered alive in an abortion clinic in Los Angeles on April the 6th, 1977. My medical records state: ‘Born alive during saline abortion’ at 6 am. Thankfully, the abortionist was not at work yet. Had he been there, he would have ended my life with strangulation, suffocation, or leaving me there to die.”^[26]

• Many young survivors have grown up and chosen to go public with their stories. The testimonies of individuals who were born alive during abortions are featured online by the Abortion Survivors Network.^[27]  A Fox News interview with Ohden and two other abortion survivors, one of whom testifies he lost an arm in the process, aired on February 11, 2019.^[28]

• Late-term abortionist Kermit Gosnell flouted Pennsylvania law for years before suspicion of the illegal sale of drugs caused the FBI and the Drug Enforcement Administration to raid his “House of Horrors” in 2010.  Most disturbing among what they found was evidence of the intentional killing of babies who had survived Gosnell’s abortion procedures.^[29] These “snippings,” as he called them, involved using scissors to sever the spine of babies who survived his brutal abortions.

• In 2005, a mother delivered her 23-week-old baby in the toilet at EPOC Clinic in Orlando, Florida, and was shocked to see him move. Abortion staff not only refused to help but turned away paramedics, whom her friend had notified by calling 911. Angele could do no more than helplessly sit on the floor rocking and singing to her baby for 11 minutes until he died.^[30]

• In 2006, Sycloria Williams delivered her 23-week-old baby on a recliner at A Gyn Diagnostic Center in Hialeah, Florida. When the baby began breathing and moving, abortion clinic owner Belkis Gonzalez cut the umbilical cord and zipped her into a biohazard bag, still alive.^[31]

• In 2013, Jill Stanek testified before the House Judiciary Committee about her experience as a registered nurse in the labor and delivery department at Christ Hospital in Oak Lawn, Illinois, where she discovered babies being aborted alive and shelved to die in the department’s soiled utility closet. She said, “I was traumatized and changed forever by my experience of holding a little abortion survivor for 45 minutes until he died, a 21/22-week-old baby who had been aborted because he had Down syndrome.”^[32]

How Often Do Abortions Result in Live Births?

Multiple peer-reviewed papers as well as government data have documented that abortion has the potential to result in live births and that these births really do occur. Research published in 2024 in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology analyzed 13,777 late-term abortions between 15-29 weeks performed in Canada and found that over 11% resulted in live births.^[33] The study examined the reasons why the abortions were performed (health of the baby, health of the mother, and other reasons), and found that 48% of the abortions were performed because the unborn baby had a prenatal condition, and 5% were performed because of a risk to the mother’s health. The two health categories were not exclusive because a single abortion could be performed for both maternal and fetal health reasons. Forty-eight percent of the abortions were performed in cases in which there was no risk to either the unborn baby’s or mother’s health. An earlier study by the same first author found that babies who are born during abortions and then die are increasing Canada’s infant mortality rate.^[34]

Although the survival rate varies widely depending on the characteristics of unborn babies killed by abortion, their gestational age, and the abortion method used, additional research provides solid evidence that many babies do survive abortions. A study published in Obstetrics & Gynecology in 2018 reviewed 241 late-term abortions on unborn babies with abnormalities between 20-24 weeks gestational age and reported that unless the unborn baby was killed first, more than half the babies were born alive.^[35] A paper published in the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology in 2007 examined 3,189 abortions for prenatal conditions performed in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 2004, finding that 3% of the abortions resulted in babies who were born alive and then passed away.^[36] A 2005 case report in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology documented the medical history of a little boy who survived an abortion,^[37] and another paper published in BJOG in 2005 reviewed 31 cases in a six-year period in which babies died after being born alive during abortions.^[38] In 2020, a study published in Swiss Medical Weekly analyzed 195 late-term abortions for prenatal conditions performed in Switzerland and found that 39% resulted in live births.^[39] The authors also highlighted a surprising finding from a previous study: of all delivery-room deaths of babies of extremely low gestations (both live births and stillbirths), 42% were due to abortion.^[40] The authors commented that this “can in part be explained by the fact that life-sustaining therapies are never initiated after LTOP [late termination of pregnancy]. The infant’s death is the anticipated outcome. In contrast, in infants born at or beyond the limit of viability…for reasons other than LTOP, resuscitation is usually attempted and rarely fails (in less than 10% of cases).”

Because of gaps in national and state abortion reporting, the number of babies who are born alive during abortions in the United States is unknown. Only eight states have publicly reported or responded to requests for statistics on children marked for abortion who were born alive during abortion procedures (Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Oklahoma, and Texas). Although the thoroughness of each state’s reporting varies, and states have reported data for varying timeframes, available data shows that in these eight states, 284 babies were reported to have been born alive between 1997 and 2024. Florida alone reported 14 babies born alive in 2023.^[41] Unfortunately, even fewer states will report this information in the future, as both Michigan and Minnesota have rolled back reporting requirements.

At the federal level, the CDC estimates that between 2003 and 2014, at least 143 babies died after being born alive during abortions, and the CDC acknowledges it is very possible that this undercounts the actual number.^[42] Additionally, the CDC report counts only babies who were born alive during abortions and then later passed away – it does not include babies who survived attempted abortions and are still alive.

Similarly, the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) released data to a Canadian researcher upon request, showing that at least 1,155 babies were born alive during late-term abortions between FY2013-2014 and FY2021-2022. CIHI has confirmed for CLI and other researchers that these babies were born alive during induced abortions. With a smaller population, Canada reports far fewer abortions than the United States, so it is likely that even more babies survive abortions in the U.S.

Doesn’t the Law Already Protect Babies Born Alive During Abortions?

At the federal level, the Born Alive Infants Protection Act provides that all babies who are born alive are considered human persons under the law, including babies who survive abortions. However, the law contains no requirements that abortion survivors be provided with appropriate care or transferred to a hospital, and there is no enforcement mechanism if the law is violated. A strong federal law is necessary to ensure that all infants who survive abortions are protected, not just those born in certain states.

Fewer than half the states have laws requiring abortionists to provide care to babies born alive during abortions, without any caveats that care need only be provided to babies who have already been determined to be viable or healthy. Many of the states with the most extreme abortion laws do not afford such protection to born-alive babies. Alaska, Colorado, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Vermont, and the District of Columbia all permit abortion at any time for any reason, yet none of these states has established legal protections for born-alive infants. Some states have even enacted laws that eliminated previous protections for babies born alive, including New York in 2019, Illinois in 2019, and Minnesota in 2024 (removing a requirement that medical professionals take reasonable steps to save the baby’s life).

Don’t Children Rescued After Abortion Do Poorly – at Great Medical Cost?

Objections to saving the life of any person, particularly a child victimized by abortion, are cruel and ultimately an argument against inducing the abortion in the first place. The intrinsic value of human beings of all abilities is a key American ideal, enshrined into law in the Americans with Disabilities Act, and babies who survive abortions are just as much a part of the human family. As such, all babies born alive should be assessed and then receive the appropriate degree of interventions.^[43] Even if a baby is born too early to survive outside the womb, or suffers from a serious prenatal condition, the baby should be evaluated as an individual and then provided with appropriate medical care and/or referred to perinatal hospice if indicated. No baby should be abandoned to die alone in a cold utility closet, no matter his or her gestational age, ability, or level of development.

Babies continue to be saved at earlier gestational ages, and medical specialists are continuing to improve treatment protocols and to save lives with lower rates of impairment. Over the last few years, doctors report increasing rates of survival of very pre-term babies at 22-23 weeks of gestation and younger, with one hospital in Germany reporting survival rates of 60% for babies born at 22 weeks if actively treated. If properly cared for, these babies can not only survive but thrive, without neurological impairment. Little Micah Pickering, who was born in 2012 at 22 weeks of gestation, received national attention when he traveled to Washington. D.C. as a five-year-old to advocate for the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act to safeguard 20-week-old unborn babies.^[44] In 2014, Lyla Stensrud became one of the earliest premature babies ever to survive when she was born at 21 weeks of gestation.^[45] In 2020, healthy six-year-old Lyla attended the ribbon-cutting ceremony of a museum exhibit featuring her amazing story.^[46] In 2021, Curtis Means became the current world record setter, born at 21 weeks 1 day.^[47]

Advances in science and medicine do not occur when judgments are made that pre-emptively consign certain children to medical neglect.^[48] Babies who survive abortions can defy the odds – if they are only given a chance.

[1] Charlotte Lozier Institute. Questions and answers on late-term abortion. Updated May 16, 2022. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://lozierinstitute.org/questions-and-answers-on-late-term-abortion/

[2] Charlotte Lozier Institute. The Voyage of Life. Dive deeper: saving extremely premature babies. Updated June 6, 2023. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://lozierinstitute.org/dive-deeper/saving-extremely-premature-babies/

[3] Charlotte Lozier Institute. The Voyage of Life. Weeks 21 & 22. Updated August 22, 2023. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://lozierinstitute.org/fetal-development/weeks-21-and-22/

[4] Ramer S, Nguyen AT, Hollier LM, Rodenhizer J, Warner L, Whiteman MK. Abortion Surveillance – United States, 2022. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2024;73(7):1-28. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/ss/ss7307a1.htm

[5] Maddow-Zimet I, Gibson C. Despite bans, number of abortions in the United States increased in 2023. Guttmacher Institute. Published March 19, 2024. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://www.guttmacher.org/2024/03/despite-bans-number-abortions-united-states-increased-2023

[6] Steupert M. The State of Abortion Reporting in 2024 America: Still Striving Toward a Better National Standard. Charlotte Lozier Institute. American Reports Series Issue 26. Published June 26, 2024. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://lozierinstitute.org/the-state-of-abortion-reporting-in-2024-america-still-striving-toward-a-better-national-standard/

[7] Pro-abortion laws. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://sbaprolife.org/lifesavinglaws#pro-abortion-laws

[8] Kirk E. Abortion jurisprudence primer. Charlotte Lozier Institute. On Point 70. Published October 21, 2021. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://lozierinstitute.org/abortion-jurisprudence-primer/

[9] Doe v. Bolton, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/410/179

[10] Harned ME, Steupert M. Gestational limits on abortion in the United States compared to international norms (April 2024). Charlotte Lozier Institute. American Reports Series 25. Published April 30, 2024. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://lozierinstitute.org/gestational-limits-on-abortion-in-the-united-states-compared-to-international-norms/

[11] Kimport K. Is third-trimester abortion exceptional? Two pathways to abortion after 24 weeks of pregnancy in the United States. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2022;54(2):38-45. doi:10.1363/psrh.12190

[12] Foster DG, Kimport K. Who seeks abortions at or after 20 weeks? Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2013;45(4):210-218. doi:10.1363/4521013

[13] Cox T, Skop I. Fact sheet: third trimester abortion and abortion “up to birth.” Charlotte Lozier Institute. Published September 20, 2024. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://lozierinstitute.org/fact-sheet-third-trimester-abortion-and-abortion-up-to-birth/

[14] Hern WM. Misoprostol as an adjunctive medication in late surgical abortion. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2005;88(3):327-328. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.12.008

[15] Charlotte Lozier Institute. Five Facts about “Life-Limiting” Fetal Conditions. Published February 15, 2024. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://lozierinstitute.org/five-facts-about-life-limiting-fetal-conditions/

[16] White KO, Jones HE, Shorter J, et al. Second-trimester surgical abortion practices in the United States. Contraception. 2018;98(2):95-99. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2018.04.004

[17] Jeffries L, Edmonds R. Abortion: the dreaded complication. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Published August 2, 1981. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20210712064915/https:/digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=693589

[18] Live Action. Inhuman: undercover in America’s late-term abortion industry – Washington, D.C. Published April 28, 2013. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxOWyumLufA

[19] Dangers J. Time for Justice for Pro-Life Prisoners and the DC 5. The Daily Signal. Published December 17, 2024. Accessed December 19, 2024. https://www.dailysignal.com/2024/12/17/time-for-justice-for-pro-life-prisoners-and-the-dc-5/

[20] The Center for Medical Progress. Planned Parenthood lobbyist: pay attention to “who’s in the room” to deal with infants born alive. Published March 29, 2017. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeINzcwb3qU; Hadro M. What happens when babies survive abortion? A doctor’s alarming response. Catholic News Agency. Published March 29, 2017. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/35725/what-happens-when-babies-survive-abortion-a-doctors-alarming-response

[21] Martosko D. The shocking moment a Florida Planned Parenthood lobbyist defended doctor-assisted INFANTICIDE when babies are born alive after botched abortions. Daily Mail. Published March 30, 2013. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2301374/In-Florida-Legislature-Planned-Parenthood-lobbyist-defends-doctor-assisted-infanticide-babies-born-alive-botched-abortions.html

[22] Culp-Ressler T. How the right wing manufactured a fake controversy over Planned Parenthood’s ‘infanticide.’ Think Progress. Published April 4, 2013. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://thinkprogress.org/how-the-right-wing-manufactured-a-fake-controversy-over-planned-parenthoods-infanticide-d478bb513b9f/

[23] Data obtained from the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration

[24] Massimo R. Virginia Gov. Northam on road projects, teacher pay, shutdown impact, more. WTOP News. Published January 30, 2019. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://wtop.com/ask-the/2019/01/virginia-gov-northam-joins-wtop-live-jan-30/

[25] Planned Parenthood Exposed: Examining the Horrific Abortion Practices at the Nation’s Largest Abortion Provider: U.S. House Judiciary Committee, 114^th Cong. (2015) (Testimony of Melissa Ohden). https://docs.house.gov/meetings/JU/JU00/20150909/103920/HHRG-114-JU00-Wstate-OhdenM-20150909.pdf

[26] Planned Parenthood Exposed: Examining the Horrific Abortion Practices at the Nation’s Largest Abortion Provider: U.S. House Judiciary Committee, 114^th Cong. (2015) (Testimony of Gianna Jessen). https://docs.house.gov/meetings/JU/JU00/20150909/103920/HHRG-114-JU00-Wstate-JessenG-20150909.pdf

[27] The Abortion Survivors Network. https://abortionsurvivors.org/

[28] Parke C. Abortion survivors on new late-term abortion bills: ‘Where were my rights in the womb?’ Fox News. Published February 11, 2019. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://www.foxnews.com/us/abortion-survivors-on-new-late-term-abortion-bills-where-were-my-rights-in-the-womb

[29] Report of the Grand Jury, In re Cnty. Investigating Grand Jury XXIII, Misc. NO. 0009901-2008. https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/URLs_Cited/OT2015/15-274/15-274-1.pdf

[30] Vincent L. Rowan’s story. World. Published May 7, 2005. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://wng.org/articles/rowans-story-1618009527

[31] Doctor investigated in badly botched abortion. NBC News. Published February 5, 2009. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna29037216

[32] Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act: U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice, 113^th Cong. (2013) (Testimony of Jill Stanek). https://web.archive.org/web/20141207151142/https:/judiciary.house.gov/_files/hearings/113th/05232013/Stanek%2005232013.pdf

[33] Auger N, Brousseau É, Ayoub A, Fraser WD. Second-trimester abortion and risk of live birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;230(6):679.e1-679.e9. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.11.004

[34] Auger N, Bilodeau-Bertrand M, Sauve R. Abortion and Infant Mortality on the First Day of Life. Neonatology. 2016;109(2):147-153. doi:10.1159/000442279

[35] Springer S, Gorczyca ME, Arzt J, Pils S, Bettelheim D, Ott J. Fetal Survival in Second-Trimester Termination of Pregnancy Without Feticide. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(3):575-579. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002503

[36] Wyldes MP, Tonks AM. Termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly: a population-based study 1995 to 2004. BJOG. 2007;114(5):639-642. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01279.x

[37] Clarke P, Smith J, Kelly T, Robinson MJ. An infant who survived abortion and neonatal intensive care. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;25(1):73-74. doi:10.1080/01443610400025945

[38] Vadeyar S, Johnston TA, Sidebotham M, Sands J. Neonatal death following termination of pregnancy. BJOG. 2005;112(8):1159-1162. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00648.x

[39] Berger F, Bucher HU, Fauchère JC, Schulzke S, Berger TM. Overlapping borders: limit of viability and late terminations of pregnancy – a retrospective multicentre observational study. Swiss Med Wkly. 2020;150:w20186. doi:10.4414/smw.2020.20186

[40] Berger TM, Steurer MA, Bucher HU, et al. Retrospective cohort study of all deaths among infants born between 22 and 27 completed weeks of gestation in Switzerland over a 3-year period. BMJ Open. 2017;7(6):e015179. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015179

[41] Florida Agency for Health Care Administration. ITOP report of infants born alive, 2023 – Year to Date. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://ahca.myflorida.com/content/download/22074/file/LiveBirthsSummary.pdf

[42] National Center for Health Statistics. Archived via WayBack Machine at https://web.archive.org/web/20240526111758/https:/www.cdc.gov/nchs/health_policy/mortality-records-mentioning-termination-of-pregnancy.htm

[43] The Infant Patient: Ensuring Appropriate Medical Care for Children Born Alive, 116^th Cong. (2020) (Testimony of Robin Pierucci). https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Pierucci Testimony.pdf

[44] EWTN. EWTN Pro-Life Weekly Episode 44: Year in Review 2017. SBA Pro-Life America; 2018. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://sbaprolife.org/ewtn-pro-life-weekly/episode-44

[45] “Will you try?”: Mom recalls journey of ‘most premature baby’ at Methodist Children’s Hospital. HCA Healthcare. Published December 6, 2018. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://hcahealthcaretoday.com/2018/12/06/will-you-try-mom-recalls-journey-of-most-premature-baby-at-methodist-childrens-hospital/

[46] Ham K. A very special guest visits a very special exhibit. Answers in Genesis. Published October 7, 2020. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://answersingenesis.org/blogs/ken-ham/2020/10/07/very-special-guest-visits-very-special-exhibit/

[47] Sheets M. Alabama boy born 19 weeks early sets world record for most premature baby to survive. The Independent. Published November 15, 2021. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/premature-baby-curtis-means-birthday-b1958097.html

[48] Charlotte Lozier Institute. New paper coauthored by CLI scholars examines treating the patient within the patient. Published April 10, 2019. Accessed December 17, 2024. https://lozierinstitute.org/new-paper-coauthored-by-cli-scholars-examines-treating-the-patient-within-the-patient/